Download - Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 17 Therapy James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 17
Therapy
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Therapy
Psychotherapy an emotionally charged, confiding
interaction between a trained therapist and someone who suffers from psychological difficulties
Eclectic Approach an approach to psychotherapy that,
depending on the client’s problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy
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Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis Freud believed the patient’s free associations,
resistances, dreams, and transferences – and the therapist’s interpretations of them – released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
use has rapidly decreased in recent years Resistance
blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
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Therapy- Psychoanalysis
Interpretation the analyst’s noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors in order to promote insight
Transference the patient’s transfer to the analyst of
emotions linked with other relationshipse.g. love or hatred for a parent
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Humanistic Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers therapist uses techniques such as active
listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
Active Listening empathic listening in which the listener
echoes, restates, and clarifies
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Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy therapy that applies learning principles to
the elimination of unwanted behaviorsCounterconditioning
procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
based on classical conditioning includes systematic desensitization and
aversive conditioning
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Behavior TherapySystematic Desensitization
type of counterconditioning associates a pleasant, relaxed state with
gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias
Aversive Conditioning type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior nausea ---> alcohol
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Behavior Therapy
Aversion therapy for alcoholics
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
UCS(drug)
UCR(nausea)
CS(alcohol)
CS(alcohol)
CR(nausea)
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Behavior Therapy
Token Economy an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior
patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats
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Behavior Therapy
Token Economy Criticisms Dependent on Extrinsic Awards- What happens when the reinforcers stop?
Subjective- Is it right for one human being to control another’s behavior?
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
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Cognitive Therapy
The Cognitive Revolution
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Cognitive Therapy
A cognitive perspective on psychological disorders
Lost job
Depression
Internal beliefs:I’m worthless. It’s hopeless.
Lost job
Internal beliefs:My boss is a jerk.I deserve something better.
Nodepression
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive therapy for depression
Waiting listpatients
Cognitivetraining patients
Cognitive trainingpatients muchless depressed
Pre-therapytest
Post-therapytest
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Depressionscores
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Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)
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Group Therapies
Family Therapy treats the family as a system views an individual’s unwanted
behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication
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Who Does Therapy?
To whom do people turn for help for psychological difficulties?
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Who Does Therapy?
Clinical psychologists Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and
expertise in research, assessment, and therapy, supplemented by a supervised internship.
About half work in agencies and institutions, half in private practice.
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Who Does Therapy?
Clinical or Psychiatric social worker A two-year Master of Social Work graduate
program plus postgraduate supervision prepares some social workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with everyday personal and family problems.
About half have earned the National Association of Social Workers’ designation of clinical social worker.
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Who Does Therapy?
Counselors Marriage and family counselors
specialize in problems arising from family relations.
Pastoral counselors provide counseling to countless people.
Abuse counselors work with substance abusers and with spouse and child abusers and their victims.
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Who Does Therapy?
Psychiatrists Physicians who specialize in the
treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists have had extensive
training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they can prescribe medications. Thus, they tend to see those with the most serious problems.
Many have a private practice.
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Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology study of the effects of drugs on mind and
behaviorLithium
chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders
Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ) an anti psychotic drug of low-potency. Used in
the treatment of schizophrenia for disorganized and psychotic thinking. Also used to help treat false perceptions (e.g. hallucinations or delusions.)
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Biomedical TherapiesThe emptying of U.S. mental hospitals
Introduction of antipsychotic drugs
Rapid declinein the mental
hospitalpopulation
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990Year
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
State and countymental hospital
residents, inthousands
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Biomedical Therapies
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Biomedical TherapiesElectroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
Psychosurgery surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue
in an effort to change behavior lobotomy
now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients
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Biomedical TherapiesElectroconvulsive Therapy