Download - Native American Subsistence 12 (1)
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NativeAmerican
Subsistence
NativeAmeric
anHistory:Bra
dJones
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Subsistence
Survival Strategies
How people procure food from theenvironment
How do we survive?
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Indian Subsistence : erms
echnology ! "nowledge used to adapt toa particular environment
#$%&aterial culture ' ob(ects manufactured byhumans) e*g*) tools) weapons) machines)inventions
#+% "nowledge of environment ' behavior ofanimals) botanical ,nowledge) weather)climate) terrain) etc.
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Indian Subsistence : erms
Subsistence strategies
Hunting #-shing% . gathering #or foraging%
Horticulture ' hoe/digging stic, technology
Agriculture ' intensi-cation of farming methods
0astoralism ' animal husbandry
Industrialism ! most of the population not involved inthe food production process*
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1oraging
2orld3s oldest subsistence strategy
4ivision of labor by gender roles
&en/boys hunt5 women gather vegetables) care foryoung/old
6galitarian ' #food sharing% e7ual access to resources
2estern Hemisphere ' all American Indians werehunter/gatherers5 Some practiced horticulture oragriculture
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1oraging : echnology
Harpoon ' invented 8999 B*0*) still sophisticatedweapon
Intimate ,nowledge of animal habits
a(oling or tric,ing animals5 imitate bird or animalcalls5 6;: Assiniboin hunters attracted bu
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1oraging : echnology
Blowing against a blade of grass ma,ing sound of fawn indistress
Banging roc,s together to sound li,e -ghting mountainsheep
Hitting antlers together to imitate fall rut
4uc, decoys made from wood) straw
Animal s,in disguises ' 0lains hunters wearing wolf robesto approach bison herds
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Horticulture
&ai=e ! >ne of the most important foods in Indianhistory
4i
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Horticulture : &ai=e
ortillas) tamales) soups) stews) ba,ed) grilledcornbread
0ilgrims at 0lymouth olony) winter of $D+9' +$survived only because 2ampanoag . &assachuset5
S7uanto taught planting of corn) beans) s7uash)pump,ins
orn #Eea mays% grows in most environmentsunli,e wheat) rice
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Horticulture : &ai=e
orn @9 times more productive than other grains
Settlers ' corn chowder) cornbread) tortillas)tamales) hominy) grits) fresh corn) pop corn
$D@9s ' corn a unit of e;change in &assachusettsBay olony
orn fed to livestoc, ' pigs) cattle
orn syrup ' closest to human glucose of any plant
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Horticulture : obacco
$D$+ ' John Colfe planted tobacco seeds from rinidad inJamestown
obacco cultivation ' from irginia to &aryland) 4elaware .arolinas
Adapted to numerous climates) no monopoly
ultivation spread to ur,ey) southern 6urope) Italy) Africa)Asia
+9th century ' hina largest producer . consumer of tobacco
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Agriculture : 0otato
0otato descended from tuberous Solanum) ca*+999 B**
Andes mountain slopes . valleys
@999 types of potatoes5 +9 today
+9 types found in @/8 of FS crop
Andean Indians ' free=e dry method #huno%
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huno
1ive'day process) obtained by e;posing frost'resistant variety ofpotatoes to the very low night temperatures of the Andes*
Small potatoes selected #easier to process%
0otatoes are spread on Gat ground) allowed to free=e with lownight temps* #@ days%
Between the nights) they are e;posed by the sun and trampledby foot*
his removes any water left from potatoes and their s,ins*
hen left to free=e for additional two nights*
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Agriculture : orn
&aya ' lassic 0eriod) A*4* +9'+
Caised -elds in swamps5 silt traps
A=tec chinampas #Goating gardens%
Ni;tamal method ' add white lime toenhance niacin5 Southeastern tribes addedash to ma,e hominy
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0astoralism : Horses
2estern Hemisphere devoid of largedomesticated animals
lama) alpaca) dog) tur,ey) bee
2heel present) but not needed for transportationHorses) camels) mammoth e;tinct ca* $+)999'$9)999 B*05 Horses reintroduced by Spaniardsafter A*4* $D99
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0astoralism : Horses
Santa 1e territorial capital) A*4* $D99
Spanish cautious about trading horses to Indians
Some settlers traded horses to Indians
6scaped horses became feral
$D@9s'$D89s ' Apache mounted e7uestrians
raded horses up eastern slopes of Coc,y &ountains