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NativeAmerican

Subsistence

NativeAmeric

anHistory:Bra

dJones

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Subsistence

Survival Strategies

How people procure food from theenvironment

How do we survive?

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Indian Subsistence : erms

echnology ! "nowledge used to adapt toa particular environment

#$%&aterial culture ' ob(ects manufactured byhumans) e*g*) tools) weapons) machines)inventions

#+% "nowledge of environment ' behavior ofanimals) botanical ,nowledge) weather)climate) terrain) etc.

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Indian Subsistence : erms

Subsistence strategies

Hunting #-shing% . gathering #or foraging%

Horticulture ' hoe/digging stic, technology

Agriculture ' intensi-cation of farming methods

0astoralism ' animal husbandry

Industrialism ! most of the population not involved inthe food production process*

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1oraging

2orld3s oldest subsistence strategy

4ivision of labor by gender roles

&en/boys hunt5 women gather vegetables) care foryoung/old

6galitarian ' #food sharing% e7ual access to resources

2estern Hemisphere ' all American Indians werehunter/gatherers5 Some practiced horticulture oragriculture

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1oraging : echnology

Harpoon ' invented 8999 B*0*) still sophisticatedweapon

Intimate ,nowledge of animal habits

a(oling or tric,ing animals5 imitate bird or animalcalls5 6;: Assiniboin hunters attracted bu

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1oraging : echnology

Blowing against a blade of grass ma,ing sound of fawn indistress

Banging roc,s together to sound li,e -ghting mountainsheep

Hitting antlers together to imitate fall rut

4uc, decoys made from wood) straw

Animal s,in disguises ' 0lains hunters wearing wolf robesto approach bison herds

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Horticulture

&ai=e ! >ne of the most important foods in Indianhistory

4i

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Horticulture : &ai=e

ortillas) tamales) soups) stews) ba,ed) grilledcornbread

0ilgrims at 0lymouth olony) winter of $D+9' +$survived only because 2ampanoag . &assachuset5

S7uanto taught planting of corn) beans) s7uash)pump,ins

orn #Eea mays% grows in most environmentsunli,e wheat) rice

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Horticulture : &ai=e

orn @9 times more productive than other grains

Settlers ' corn chowder) cornbread) tortillas)tamales) hominy) grits) fresh corn) pop corn

$D@9s ' corn a unit of e;change in &assachusettsBay olony

orn fed to livestoc, ' pigs) cattle

orn syrup ' closest to human glucose of any plant

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Horticulture : obacco

$D$+ ' John Colfe planted tobacco seeds from rinidad inJamestown

obacco cultivation ' from irginia to &aryland) 4elaware .arolinas

Adapted to numerous climates) no monopoly

ultivation spread to ur,ey) southern 6urope) Italy) Africa)Asia

+9th century ' hina largest producer . consumer of tobacco

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Agriculture : 0otato

0otato descended from tuberous Solanum) ca*+999 B**

Andes mountain slopes . valleys

@999 types of potatoes5 +9 today

+9 types found in @/8 of FS crop

Andean Indians ' free=e dry method #huno%

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huno

1ive'day process) obtained by e;posing frost'resistant variety ofpotatoes to the very low night temperatures of the Andes*

Small potatoes selected #easier to process%

0otatoes are spread on Gat ground) allowed to free=e with lownight temps* #@ days%

Between the nights) they are e;posed by the sun and trampledby foot*

his removes any water left from potatoes and their s,ins*

hen left to free=e for additional two nights*

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Agriculture : orn

&aya ' lassic 0eriod) A*4* +9'+

Caised -elds in swamps5 silt traps

A=tec chinampas #Goating gardens%

Ni;tamal method ' add white lime toenhance niacin5 Southeastern tribes addedash to ma,e hominy

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0astoralism : Horses

2estern Hemisphere devoid of largedomesticated animals

lama) alpaca) dog) tur,ey) bee

2heel present) but not needed for transportationHorses) camels) mammoth e;tinct ca* $+)999'$9)999 B*05 Horses reintroduced by Spaniardsafter A*4* $D99

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0astoralism : Horses

Santa 1e territorial capital) A*4* $D99

Spanish cautious about trading horses to Indians

Some settlers traded horses to Indians

6scaped horses became feral

$D@9s'$D89s ' Apache mounted e7uestrians

raded horses up eastern slopes of Coc,y &ountains