Download - News Media - Changes and Challenges
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NEWS MEDIAChanges and challenges
George BrockProfessor and Head of Journalism
City University LondonVietnam, March 2011
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Ideas which have shaped journalism in Britain
• Coffee houses
• Separation from the state
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Ideas which have shaped journalism in Britain
• Long continuities– The Spectator, founded 1711
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Journalism develops
• Plural competition• Political controversy• Regional newspapers built local
identities• Papers preceded political parties• Technology• “Mixed economy” of private
ownership and regulation
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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British newspapers in the 20th century
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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The UK media market gets crowded
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
Radio 1922
Television 1946
Cable TV 1960s
Satellite TV 1989
Internet 1995
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Pressures of proliferation• Fragmentation more significant than
conglomeration• 1960: 8 national daily papers, 3 radio stations,
1 TV channel• 2010: 9 national dailies, hundreds of radio
stations and TV channels, millions of websites• Audiences for main TV evening news bulletins
have fallen by 50% over 20 years
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Newspapers decline: Germany
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Circulations of newspapers in Germany (in millions)
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Just holding their own: Australia
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Downward: US
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Circulations of newspapers in the US (in millions)
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Old certainties disappear
• News moves between platforms• Shared and swopped between users• Are bloggers journalists?• Broad news packages suffer, niche
players flourish• Business is tougher
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Not all news media, not worldwide
• The business model which is suffering is daily printed newspapers in Europe and US.
• Even daily newspapers are doing fine in India, China and Brazil.
• Magazines are flourishing• Terrestrial television news struggles• Satellite and cable does better• Radio holds its own (thanks to the internet)
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• Persistent erosion in circulation (7,5% in 2010)• Newspaper division only accounts for 14% of
the revenue• Since 2004, for each dollar added to online
revenue, the paper lost $5 on print• Kaplan Education division accounts for 62%• Without its education unit, the company
might have not survived recent years
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Washington Post revenues
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The Times of London
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The Times – print circulation
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1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 20150
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
Circulation in January each year
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The newer version
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Balancing print and online
• Paper vs digital is over• A new grammar for news journalism• Paywall• But... The advantages of open
competition
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Dilemmas of the future• Words• If anyone can be a journalist, what defines a
journalist?• Rebuilding the idea of journalism: 4 key
functions– Verification, making sense, eye-witness,
investigation• Ethics and training matters!
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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How much does the UK, Europe and US experience matter?
• Print`s monopoly is gone• So plan for the future
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21City University London
www.city.ac.uk/journalism
22City University London
www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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Our experience• Societies decide what journalism they want• Journalism has flourished and grown in open
societies• Where power is accountable and the people in
charge can be changed (at elections)• Journalists are rarely popular• Power of innovation: new ways of sustaining
journalism will be found
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism
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•www.georgebrock.net•@georgeprof•www.city.ac.uk/journalism
City University London www.city.ac.uk/journalism