June 23rd, 2020
PIC Global Nutrition Team
Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs
Happy PigAdequate nutrient access depends on multiple factors:
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
NutritionalFactors
HealthStatus
Stocking Density
WaterAvailability
FeedOutage
Ventilation
Temperature
PigHandling
MarketWeight
Happy PigAdequate nutrient access depends on multiple factors:
Liebig’s Law of the Minimum
NutritionalFactors
HealthStatus
Stocking Density
WaterAvailability
FeedOutage
Ventilation
Temperature
PigHandling
MarketWeight
✓ Sodium deficiency (salt);
✓ Contaminants including mycotoxins and peroxides (fat/oil stability);
✓ Diets limiting in phosphorus;
✓ Relief products:
✓ MgO, mycotoxins binders, Na metabisulfite, capsicum “pepper”,
apple cider vinegar, extra salt, “blocks”;
✓ Protein deficiency and/or amino acids imbalance;
✓ High fiber associated with low energy diets;
✓ High energy levels (fat) in combination with low amino acids levels.
Nutritional factors:Review the nutrition program
Do pigs grow because they eat
or
Eat because they grow?
Lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) = 0.75 x ADG x % lean
May 16, 2020
Realized genetic trend Predicted genetic trend
Timeline for the LTGR of average of top 25% become the population average
L65 3 years
L27 3 years
L15 3,5 years
L03 5 years
L02 3 years
Bold line: population meanThin line: top 25% of the population
GENETIC TRENDS
Feed intake recorded in performance testing from 30 to 120 kg
Bold line: population meanThin line: top 25% of the population
May 16, 2020
Realized genetic trend Predicted genetic trend
Timeline for the LTGR of average of top 25% become the population average
L65 5 years
L27 5,5 years
L15 4 years
L03 >6 years
L02 >6 years
GENETIC TRENDS
Economics Fixed weight
EconomicsFixed time
Genetic development and nutrient requirements changes:Improvement in F:G since 2006 for L65
---- GAIN
---- INTAKE
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90
0,95
1,00
1,05
15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145
AD
G, k
g
Body weight, kg
Estimated Body Weight at Maximum Protein Deposition for PIC 337
Maximal growth rate at 88 kg
Eat because grow Grow because eat
~80%
Americas
Europe
50% 50%
Growth curve:Eat to grow OR growth because they eat?
SID LYS/ME (g/Mcal)
PIC Recommendations in 2012
PIC Customers using in 2015
Nutritional factors:Review in SID Lys to energy ration in April 2015
©Pig Improvement Company. |Goncalves et al. 2017, Orlando et al., 2018
2,440 kcal NE/kg (1,107 Kcal NE/lb)
1,18
1,01
0,87
0,760,72
1,04
0,89
0,78
0,67 0,640,5
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,3
25 45 65 85 105 125
SID
Lys,
%
Body weight, kg (lb)
2016
2008
(55) (100) (145) (190) (230) (275)
Updated up to 150 kg
28 commercial experiments, with a total of 46,092 pigs.
Average of barrows and gilts, average of ADG and F/G.
Nutritional factors:Meta-analysis: Amino acid requirements
Adapted from Menegat et al., 2019
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
6,5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
SID
Lys
:NE,
g/M
cal
BW, kg
Phase-feeding Program
1
2
34Below
requirement
Above requirement
Compensatory growth&
Nutritional factors:Curve of SID Lys to energy ratio
Adapted from Menegat et al., 2019
1
2
3
4
1
2
=> 91%
=> 90%
=> 92%
=> 96%
1
2
3
1
2
=> 87%
=> 89%
=> 93%
1
2
1
2
=> 80%
=> 89%
11 => 67%
Minimum => 85%
Nutritional factors:Impact of phase feeding
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
7,5 10,0 12,5 17,5 22,5 27,5SID
Lys
:ME,
g/M
cal
BW, kg
4.24 (SID Lys: 1.42%) 100% of PIC requirement @ 12.5 kg
3.91 (SID Lys: 1.31%) PIC 2020 Average - 92% of @12.5 kg
3.60 (SID Lys: 1.20%) Americas Low - 85% of @12.5 kg
2.99 (SID Lys: 1.00%) European Average - 70% of @ 12.5 kg
* Assuming 3,350 Kcal of ME/kg of diet
Extrapolated from PIC 2016 SID Lys model*
Nutritional factors:Amino acids in late nursery phase (12.5 – 25.0 kg)
PIC recommends Minimum of 85%
Impact of phase feeding:on SID Lys requirements
PIC recommends Minimum of 85%
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior? Impact of phase feeding
100% of PIC 2020 req.* Under PIC Lys req.* Under PIC Lys/Trp req.**
Dietary amino acids (Barrows and gilts)
SID Lys , % 1.31 1.00 1.00
SID Trp:Lys ratio, % 20 20 18
Daily SID Trp intake as % of PIC 2020 100% 78% 66%
Growth performance (d 45 -63)
Weight in (d 45), kg 12.5 12.5 12.5
ADFI, g/d 982 976 944
ADG, g/d 684 650 628
Feed:Gain ratio 1.435 1.502 1.502
Weight out (d 63), kg 24.8 24.2 (0.6 kg) 23.8 (1.0 kg)
Nutritional factors:Amino acids intake: SID Tryptophan
* Growth performance is estimated by the model from PIC 2020 late nursery lysine titration trial.** Growth performance is estimated by the model from Goncalves et al. (2015).
TRP is not only about gain or intake
European dietsPIC 2020 European diets
An update in our recommendation for
TRP/LYS ratio is the issue for our 1st Nutritional
Technical Bulletin in 2015
Nutritional factors:Role of Tryptophan in animal behavior
The lightest pigs are typically the biters
(Beattie et al., 2005;Edwards 2006)
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior?
Body weight distribution of a population of pigs with an average initial weight of 23 kg
Other considerations:- Gender- Genetic lines- Batch farrowing
2458
23862372
2304
2200
2275
2350
2425
2500
Zero 1.50% 3.00% 4.50%
g/d
ay
Fat added, (%)
Vier et al., 2018
Overall ADFI – 40 to 130 kg (114 days)
- 6.3%Linear, P < 0.002SEM = 35.4
Nutritional factors:Energy by fat/oil
Effects of added fat on ADFI of G-F pigs under commercial conditions
Vier et al., 2018
10% offKeeping % of SID Lysine
Keeping 100%
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior? Energy by fat/oil and AA adjustments
2942
2830
27532706
26702639 2639
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
2,10 2,21 2,31 2,42 2,52 2,63 2,73
AD
FI,
g
NE, Mcal/kg
Lu et al., 2020
Linear, P<0.001Quadratic, P<0.001
SEM = 20.9
+11.5%
-14.2%
ADFI =>
Energy intake =>
Nutritional factors:Energy and fiber
Effects of dietary NE and NDF levels on ADFI of 30 to 135 kg pigs
23.3 9.820.3 17.2
% NDF14.2% 12.8 11.3
Lu et al., 2020
Equiv. Corn-SBM
Vices were numerically more prevalent in low energy diets
Nutritional factors:Energy and fiber
Effects of dietary NE and NDF levels on behavior of 30 to 135 kg pigs
23.3 9.820.3 17.2
% NDF14.2% 12.8 11.3
Typical NE levels used in Europe
✓ Restricted feeding;✓ Times per day;✓ Feed interruptions;
✓ Homogenous distribution;✓ Proportion Water:feed✓ Age or weight✓ Dry matter intake;
✓ Using liquid by product;✓ Feed imbalance;
✓ Contaminants;✓ Keep maintenance;
✓ First pen vs. last one.
Special attention on liquid feeding
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior?
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior?
Special attention on liquid feeding
23 40 60 80 105 BREEDING
Body weight of developing gilts, kg
5 GDU1 DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3 GDU-4 GDU-5
3 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3
2 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2
1 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU GESTATION DIET
1 GDU DIETS LACTATION DIET GDU GESTATION DIET
1GDU: gilt development unit.
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Replacement gilts: How many diets to build a reasonable phase feeding
How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior?
Take Home Message: Winning the Race
Thank you!
PIC Global Nutrition Team
For more details on nutritional factors, please see factsheet:
Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs.
Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs