nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs · 2016 2008 (55) (100) (145) (190)...

June 23rd, 2020

PIC Global Nutrition Team

Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs

Happy PigAdequate nutrient access depends on multiple factors:

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

NutritionalFactors

HealthStatus

Stocking Density

WaterAvailability

FeedOutage

Ventilation

Temperature

PigHandling

MarketWeight

✓ Sodium deficiency (salt);

✓ Contaminants including mycotoxins and peroxides (fat/oil stability);

✓ Diets limiting in phosphorus;

✓ Relief products:

✓ MgO, mycotoxins binders, Na metabisulfite, capsicum “pepper”,

apple cider vinegar, extra salt, “blocks”;

✓ Protein deficiency and/or amino acids imbalance;

✓ High fiber associated with low energy diets;

✓ High energy levels (fat) in combination with low amino acids levels.

Nutritional factors:Review the nutrition program

Do pigs grow because they eat

or

Eat because they grow?

Lean tissue growth rate (LTGR) = 0.75 x ADG x % lean

May 16, 2020

Realized genetic trend Predicted genetic trend

Timeline for the LTGR of average of top 25% become the population average

L65 3 years

L27 3 years

L15 3,5 years

L03 5 years

L02 3 years

Bold line: population meanThin line: top 25% of the population

GENETIC TRENDS

Feed intake recorded in performance testing from 30 to 120 kg

Bold line: population meanThin line: top 25% of the population

May 16, 2020

Realized genetic trend Predicted genetic trend

Timeline for the LTGR of average of top 25% become the population average

L65 5 years

L27 5,5 years

L15 4 years

L03 >6 years

L02 >6 years

GENETIC TRENDS

Economics Fixed weight

EconomicsFixed time

Genetic development and nutrient requirements changes:Improvement in F:G since 2006 for L65

---- GAIN

---- INTAKE

0,70

0,75

0,80

0,85

0,90

0,95

1,00

1,05

15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 105 115 125 135 145

AD

G, k

g

Body weight, kg

Estimated Body Weight at Maximum Protein Deposition for PIC 337

Maximal growth rate at 88 kg

Eat because grow Grow because eat

~80%

Americas

Europe

50% 50%

Growth curve:Eat to grow OR growth because they eat?

SID LYS/ME (g/Mcal)

PIC Recommendations in 2012

PIC Customers using in 2015

Nutritional factors:Review in SID Lys to energy ration in April 2015

©Pig Improvement Company. |Goncalves et al. 2017, Orlando et al., 2018

2,440 kcal NE/kg (1,107 Kcal NE/lb)

1,18

1,01

0,87

0,760,72

1,04

0,89

0,78

0,67 0,640,5

0,7

0,9

1,1

1,3

25 45 65 85 105 125

SID

Lys,

%

Body weight, kg (lb)

2016

2008

(55) (100) (145) (190) (230) (275)

Updated up to 150 kg

28 commercial experiments, with a total of 46,092 pigs.

Average of barrows and gilts, average of ADG and F/G.

Nutritional factors:Meta-analysis: Amino acid requirements

Adapted from Menegat et al., 2019

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

5,5

6,0

6,5

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

SID

Lys

:NE,

g/M

cal

BW, kg

Phase-feeding Program

1

2

34Below

requirement

Above requirement

Compensatory growth&

Nutritional factors:Curve of SID Lys to energy ratio

Adapted from Menegat et al., 2019

1

2

3

4

1

2

=> 91%

=> 90%

=> 92%

=> 96%

1

2

3

1

2

=> 87%

=> 89%

=> 93%

1

2

1

2

=> 80%

=> 89%

11 => 67%

Minimum => 85%

Nutritional factors:Impact of phase feeding

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

7,5 10,0 12,5 17,5 22,5 27,5SID

Lys

:ME,

g/M

cal

BW, kg

4.24 (SID Lys: 1.42%) 100% of PIC requirement @ 12.5 kg

3.91 (SID Lys: 1.31%) PIC 2020 Average - 92% of @12.5 kg

3.60 (SID Lys: 1.20%) Americas Low - 85% of @12.5 kg

2.99 (SID Lys: 1.00%) European Average - 70% of @ 12.5 kg

* Assuming 3,350 Kcal of ME/kg of diet

Extrapolated from PIC 2016 SID Lys model*

Nutritional factors:Amino acids in late nursery phase (12.5 – 25.0 kg)

PIC recommends Minimum of 85%

Impact of phase feeding:on SID Lys requirements

PIC recommends Minimum of 85%

How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior? Impact of phase feeding

100% of PIC 2020 req.* Under PIC Lys req.* Under PIC Lys/Trp req.**

Dietary amino acids (Barrows and gilts)

SID Lys , % 1.31 1.00 1.00

SID Trp:Lys ratio, % 20 20 18

Daily SID Trp intake as % of PIC 2020 100% 78% 66%

Growth performance (d 45 -63)

Weight in (d 45), kg 12.5 12.5 12.5

ADFI, g/d 982 976 944

ADG, g/d 684 650 628

Feed:Gain ratio 1.435 1.502 1.502

Weight out (d 63), kg 24.8 24.2 (0.6 kg) 23.8 (1.0 kg)

Nutritional factors:Amino acids intake: SID Tryptophan

* Growth performance is estimated by the model from PIC 2020 late nursery lysine titration trial.** Growth performance is estimated by the model from Goncalves et al. (2015).

TRP is not only about gain or intake

European dietsPIC 2020 European diets

An update in our recommendation for

TRP/LYS ratio is the issue for our 1st Nutritional

Technical Bulletin in 2015

Nutritional factors:Role of Tryptophan in animal behavior

The lightest pigs are typically the biters

(Beattie et al., 2005;Edwards 2006)

How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior?

Body weight distribution of a population of pigs with an average initial weight of 23 kg

Other considerations:- Gender- Genetic lines- Batch farrowing

2458

23862372

2304

2200

2275

2350

2425

2500

Zero 1.50% 3.00% 4.50%

g/d

ay

Fat added, (%)

Vier et al., 2018

Overall ADFI – 40 to 130 kg (114 days)

- 6.3%Linear, P < 0.002SEM = 35.4

Nutritional factors:Energy by fat/oil

Effects of added fat on ADFI of G-F pigs under commercial conditions

Vier et al., 2018

10% offKeeping % of SID Lysine

Keeping 100%

How can we reduce the risk of abnormal behavior? Energy by fat/oil and AA adjustments

2942

2830

27532706

26702639 2639

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

2,10 2,21 2,31 2,42 2,52 2,63 2,73

AD

FI,

g

NE, Mcal/kg

Lu et al., 2020

Linear, P<0.001Quadratic, P<0.001

SEM = 20.9

+11.5%

-14.2%

ADFI =>

Energy intake =>

Nutritional factors:Energy and fiber

Effects of dietary NE and NDF levels on ADFI of 30 to 135 kg pigs

23.3 9.820.3 17.2

% NDF14.2% 12.8 11.3

Lu et al., 2020

Equiv. Corn-SBM

Vices were numerically more prevalent in low energy diets

Nutritional factors:Energy and fiber

Effects of dietary NE and NDF levels on behavior of 30 to 135 kg pigs

23.3 9.820.3 17.2

% NDF14.2% 12.8 11.3

Typical NE levels used in Europe

✓ Restricted feeding;✓ Times per day;✓ Feed interruptions;

✓ Homogenous distribution;✓ Proportion Water:feed✓ Age or weight✓ Dry matter intake;

✓ Using liquid by product;✓ Feed imbalance;

✓ Contaminants;✓ Keep maintenance;

✓ First pen vs. last one.

Special attention on liquid feeding



Special attention on liquid feeding

23 40 60 80 105 BREEDING

Body weight of developing gilts, kg

5 GDU1 DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3 GDU-4 GDU-5

3 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2 GDU-3

2 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU-1 GDU-2

1 GDU DIETS COMMERCIAL DIETS GDU GESTATION DIET

1 GDU DIETS LACTATION DIET GDU GESTATION DIET

1GDU: gilt development unit.

✓

✓

✓

✓

✓

Replacement gilts: How many diets to build a reasonable phase feeding


Take Home Message: Winning the Race

Thank you!

PIC Global Nutrition Team

For more details on nutritional factors, please see factsheet:

Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs.

Nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs

nutritional factors associated with abnormal behaviors in pigs · 2016 2008 (55) (100) (145) (190)...

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