![Page 1: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
C’NANO 2018 – Toulon – 11 décembre 2018
Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and spintronics
O. Fruchart
SPINTEC, Univ. Grenoble Alpes / CNRS / CEA-INAC, France
www.spintec.fr
email: [email protected]
Slides: http://fruchart.eu/slides
![Page 2: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
C’NANO 2018 – Toulon – 11 décembre 2018
Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and spintronics
For the scientist For society
![Page 3: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
![Page 4: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Giant magneto-resistance
A.Fert et al, PRL (1988);
P.Grunberg et al, patent (1988) +PRB (1989)
![Page 5: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Giant magneto-resistance RKKY coupling
Tunneling magneto-resistance Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Moodera 1995 (Yuasa 2007) Chappert 1988
Bruno 19911988
Spin-valve concept
Diény 1991
![Page 6: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Technology pushing science: hard disk drives
![Page 7: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Steady progress of HDD, however:incremental, keeping the design
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
1956 Today
Staggering areal density
2000 2014
Increasing fundamental andtechnological bottlenecks
Any 2D-based technology isbound to face an end
![Page 8: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
1Gb/mm2 → 600Gb/in2...
Magnetic mass storage may onlyremain for niche applications
24-layer 3D NAND Flash
K. T. Park et al., IEEE J. Sol. State Circuits 50 (1), 204 (2015)
Cross-over in 2016
Competing technologies go 3DCompeting technologies go 3D
![Page 9: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Magnetization dynamics:Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation:
Gyromagnetic ratio
Demonstration: 1999
Effective field(including applied)
Damping coefficient
Basics of precessional dynamics
C. Back et al., Science 285, 864 (1999)
All magnetization processes are intrinsically precessional
Change of paradigm from quasistatics to precessional
d�
d�= �� � × ���� + �� ×
d�
d�
d�
d�= �� � × ���� + �� ×
d�
d�
�� = ����� = ��� � = ��
2�� =
��
2��
2�= 28 GHz/T
�
2�= 28 GHz/T
��������
�� ≈ 10�� → 10��≈ 10�� → 10��
Technology hitting science: precessional dynamicsTechnology hitting science: precessional dynamics
![Page 10: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Base electrode
Seed layer
Pinning layer
Tunnel barrier
Capping layer
Contact to select transistor + diffusion barrier
Ta(5) or NiFeCr(10) : Promotes texture of critical layers
PtMn(20) : AF layer sets direction of reference layer
CoFeB(2) / Ru(0.8)/CoFe(2) : SAF, immune to external fields
MgO (1.1) : Defines cell R & TMR
Reference layer
NiFe(3) / CoFe(2) : Stores data (2 stable states)
Storage layer
Protects MTJ during process
Read
Reference
Enhance stability
Solid-state magnetic cells
Magnetic field sensors
Magnetic memory bit (MRAM)
![Page 11: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Spin-transfer torque: theoretical prediction
d��
d�= �� �� × ���� + ��� ×
d��
d�
��������
�� × �� × ��
d��
d�= �� �� × ���� + ��� ×
d��
d�
��������
�� × �� × ��
������ = ��
��������� = �
�
���
J. C. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1-7(1996)
![Page 12: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Spin-transfer torque: experiments
Kiselev 2003
Oscillator
Katine 2000
Magnetization switching Domain-wall motion
Yamaguchi 2004
Magnetization switching with charge current
Domain-wall motion with charge current
Precessional dynamics with charge current
… all with deep roots in condensed matter magnetism
New physics!
![Page 13: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Spin-Hall effect: physics
SHE, ISHE
Valenzuela 2011
Spin-orbit effect
Analogous to Mott detectors
Generate pure spin currents from non-magnetic materials
Spin-Hall effect: drive magnetization dynamics
Domain wall motion, magnetization switching …
Moore 2008
New physics, increased efficiency, newmaterials…
![Page 14: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Magnetic exchange
30 years of nanomagnetism & spintronics
Chiral magnetization textures: spirals and skyrmions
X. Z. Yu et al., Nature 465, 901 (2010)
�,� = ��,� � �� × ���,� = ��,� � �� × ��
�,� = ��,� �� ���,� = ��,� �� ��
The Dzyaloshiinski-Moriha interaction (DMI)
W. Jiang et al.,Science 349,283 (2015)
![Page 15: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
![Page 16: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Frontier backgrounds for nanomagnetism
Societal requests and challenges
Energy consumption – Pollution, global warming
Communication: more, faster, cheaper
Intelligent systems: comfort, safer, less energy
Sustainability: energy, material criticality
Health
…
![Page 17: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
Energy consumption in ICT
![Page 18: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Continuous growth of data handling
https://www.smartinsights.com
Exabytes per yearExabytes per year
CISCO
![Page 19: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Continuous growth of data handling
1 Farm = Multi-MW operating power
+ Same amount for cooling
Cost
Environment
Requirements
![Page 20: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Internet of Things: a booming market
Cost, weight, material
Low-power
Requirements
![Page 21: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Memory challenges to address
CPU
Processor
CACHE MEMORY
L1 Cache (SRAM)
L2 Cache (SRAM)
L3 Cache (SRAM / eDRAM)
WORKING MEMORY
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)
SOLID STATE MEMORY
Non Volatile (Flash)
Registers
VIRTUAL MEMORY
Storage memory (HDD)
VOLATILE
NON VOLATILE
>GB ~100 ns
4 to 8MB ~30 ns
Up to 512 KB ~10 ns
4 to 32 KB ~ns
![Page 22: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Memory challenges to address
Memory wall
Logic keeps awaiting data
Limits speed
Increases power consumption
SRAM leakage
Embed memory
(Leakage) power
Challenges
![Page 23: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Why Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)?
Fast Like SRAM
~10ns in normal mode
Non-volatilelike Flash
10+ years retention
Denselike DRAM
10F2, small overheads
High Endurancelike SRAM / DRAM1012 cycles, up to 1016
MRAM is not the best but …
Can replace SRAM at 1/6th of size, zero leakage
Can replace e-Flash at >105x speed, lower power
Can replace DRAM (if running out of steam)
![Page 24: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Generations of MRAM
Field driven STT
Toggle
Thermally-assisted (TAS)
Planar Perpendicular
STT-TAS Precessional
SOT (spin-orbit torque)
DW motion
SOT cells
![Page 25: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
MRAM players
![Page 26: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
MRAM coming to reality
256Gb in production. 1Tb in the pipes.
Demo at the 7th MRAMGlobal Innovation Forum (Zurich, June 2016)
https://www.mram-info.com
https://www.linkedin.com/company/mram-info/
![Page 27: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Efficiency of writing
Fundamental frontiers and challenges: efficiency
Spin-Hall, three-terminal?
Spin-Hall efficiency, topological insulators?
Electric field effects
Low damping: heusler etc.
Efficiency of reading
Electric field, multiferroics
Spin-Hall reading?
Lateral GMR reading?
S. Andrieu et al., PRB93, 094417 (2016)
Co2MnSi Heusler alloyDampingCo2MnSi Heusler alloyDamping � < 7 � 10��� < 7 � 10��
G. Zahnd, Sci. Rep. 7.1 9553 (2017)
![Page 28: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Fundamental frontiers and challenges: size
Bit size & retention
3D design
Patterning challenges
N. Perrissin et al., Nanosacale 10, 12187 (2018)Watanabe et al, Nat.Com. 9, 663 (2018)
PSA STT-MRAMPerpendicular ShapeAnisotropy
PSA STT-MRAMPerpendicular ShapeAnisotropy
![Page 29: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Fundamental frontiers and challenges : time
Fast optical switching
C. D. Stanciu, PRL99, 047601 (2007)
Gd22Fe74.6Co3.4
λ=800nm, 40fsGd22Fe74.6Co3.4
λ=800nm, 40fs
Three-temperature model
Superdiffusive hot electrons
Multiphysics and multiscale modeling
Physics
All-optical or not?
One shot or stochastic?
Material versatility?
Technology
C. H. Lambert, Science 345, 1337 (2014)
![Page 30: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
Energy consumption in ICT
Neuromorphic computing
![Page 31: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Brain
New computing scheme: neuromorphic
20 W20 W
Low power
Non-linear, stochastic
High-performance computing 10 MW10 MW
High power
Deterministic
![Page 32: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Neurons
How do neurons and synapses work?
32
1
+1
-1
x1
x2
x3
y
w1
w2
w3 y = f ( w1 x1 + w2 x2 + w3 x3)
1
Non-linear
Synapses
Analog valves (weighs w)
Ingredients for neural networks: non-linearity, memory and plasticity
![Page 33: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
CMOS emulated circuits
33
Brainscales 20 wafer machine.4M neurons, 1B synapses CMOS neuron
CMOS synapse
10-100 µm10-100 µm
10 µm10 µm
A transistor is nanoscale but it is just a switch
CMOS does not provide memory (volatile)
Merolla et al, Science 345, 668 (2014)May neurons and synapses beproduced as hardware components ?
![Page 34: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Assets of spintronics for neuromorphic computing
Non-linearity
J. Torrejon et al,Nature 547, 428 (2017)
Spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNO)
Stochasticity
A. Mizrahi,Nat. Comm. 9,
1533 (2018)
Superparamagnetic dot + TMR
![Page 35: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
Energy consumption in ICT
Neuromorphic computing
Wireless communication
![Page 36: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Spintronics for RF wireless communciation
7.4 7.6 7.80.0
0.5
1.0
PS
D (
a.u
)
f (Ghz)
Spinmomentum
transfer
Steadystate oscillations
IDC
100 nm
RF output signal V(t)
Gain
Magnetoresistance
d�
d�= �� � × � + �� ×
d�
d�+ �� a�� × � × � + b�� × �
d�
d�= �� � × � + �� ×
d�
d�+ �� a�� × � × � + b�� × �
Damping-like Field-like
Current-driven precession of magnetization
Implementation in spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNO)
![Page 37: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Challenge: synchronization
A. A. Awad, Nat. Phys. 13, 292 (2016)
Mutual synchronization
Spin-Hall Nano-Oscillator (SHNO)
µ-BLSµ-BLS
Goal: increase power, increase frequency and phase coherence
![Page 38: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
External synchronization through PLL
Challenge: synchronization
PLL = STO chip + Amp-IC + PLL-IC + PCB card
Bias network to STO (SMD components)
Wideband, hybrid PLL
~ 50 STOs
M. Kreissig, AIP Adv. 7,056653 (2017)
![Page 39: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
Energy consumption in ICT
Neuromorphic computing
Wireless communication
Radiation hardness
![Page 40: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Radiation hardness
Space applications
Solar particles
Cosmic rays
Nuclear industry
Accidents
Decommissioning
Consequences
SSE: Single-Event Effects (digital damage)
TID: Total Ionizing Dose
![Page 41: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Assets of spintronics for radiation hardness
MRAM and asynchronous communication
Combine DRAM and MRAM
In case of SEE, refresh DRAM with MRAM content
Redundancy reduced, cost lowered
Context
Spintronics hardware and IC design experts
![Page 42: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Decades of nanomagnetism
Table of content
Societal challenges
Energy consumption in ICT
Neuromorphic computing
Wireless communication
Radiation hardness
Material criticality
![Page 43: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality
![Page 44: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Materials for spintronics
Base electrode
Seed layer
Pinning layer
Tunnel barrier
Capping layer
Spin injection layer
Thermal barrier
Etch stop layer
Contact to select transistor + diffusion barrier
Ta(5) or NiFeCr(10) : Promotes texture of critical layers
PtMn(20) : AF layer sets direction of reference layer
CoFeB(2) / Ru(0.8)/CoFe(2) : SAF, immune to external fields
MgO (1.1) : Defines cell R & TMR
Reference layer
NiFe(3) / CoFe(2) : Stores data (2 stable states)
Storage layer
Protects MTJ during process
Top Electrode Spintronics requires an increasing number of materials and elements in stacks
Price
Material criticality
![Page 45: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality: context
Ever increasing complexity
© Fraunhofer IWKS, Armin Reller
Ever increasing complexity
Quantifying criticality Mid-term (2015-2025)criticality matrix
Geopolitical
Limited resources
Environmental regulations
Ethics
Cost
Criticality
Actions
Replace
Reduce
Reuse
![Page 46: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality: mining
EU: Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) – http://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu
![Page 47: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality: recycling
T. E. Graedel et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 15, 355 (2011)
![Page 48: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality in spintronics
Reference layers
Antiferromagnets
PtMn, IrMnPtMn, IrMn
Synthetic antiferromagnets
Ru, IrRu, Ir
Interfacial anisotropy
Pt, Pd…Pt, Pd…
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Spin-Hall effect
Pt, W …Pt, W …
Writing
Dzyaloshiinski-Moriya
Pt, Ir, W …Pt, Ir, W …
Note
Often related to highspin-orbit
Heavy (and rare)elements
![Page 49: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality in spintronics: case of Pt
Raw Materials Information System (RMIS) – http://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Mine production
163t
Consumption
263t
Price
![Page 50: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Serious issue for massive production
![Page 51: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Replace, Reduce
2D materials: graphene, WSe2,
MoSe2, MoS2
Co-dz²
O-pz
2D materials Need for upscaled production
3D structures
Anisotropy, interconversion, RKKYAnisotropy, interconversion, RKKY
Heusler alloys
Antiferromagnets,anisotropy, polarizers
Antiferromagnets,anisotropy, polarizers
Anisotropy, stacks on waferAnisotropy, stacks on wafer
Oxide interfaces
B. Diény, M. Chshiev,Rev. Mod. Phys. (2017)
AnisotropyAnisotropy
![Page 52: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality: magnets for energy
per 1 MW windpower
+/- 600 kg Nd-Dy-Fe-B 4% Dy = 24 kg 28% Nd = 168 kg
37m1990
450kW
154mToday6-8MW
240m2020
94mBig Ben
Average turbinerotor diameter
(image General Electric, Data: US DOE)
https://www.siemens.com/global/en/home/markets/wind/offshore.html
(image Renault)
![Page 53: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Material criticality: rare earth
China triggers the 2011 crisis Never safe again…
Impact on permanent magnets
Markets: wind mills, electric cars, magnetic refrigeration…
Newmaterial research programs launched: materials and microstructure
![Page 54: Opportunities and challenges for nanomagnetism and …fruchart.eu/olivier/slides/magn/magn-fruchart-cnano2018.pdfNew computingscheme: neuromorphic 20 W Low power Non-linear, stochastic](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052102/603c5520377b05716428090a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Olivier FRUCHARTOpportunities and challenges fornanomagnetism and spintronics
11 Dec 2018Toulon – C’NANO 2018
Special thanks for sharing material
Oliver GUTFLEISCHDarmstadt
Bernard DIENYGrenoble
Lucian PREJBEANUGrenoble
Julie GROLLIERParis
Ursula EBELSGrenoble
email: [email protected]: http://fruchart.eu/slides
NEPTUNEBolognia