ORDERING THE LIVING WORLD
Classification of Living Things
EL: TO FIND OUT WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT
WHAT MAKES SOMETHING "ALIVE" AND AN
INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION
Expected learning
Life ProcessesWh
Can be remembered using ‘’MRS GREN’’ Movement- the ability to move from one place to another
Respiration – a chemical process that takes place in every living cell
Sensitivity – the ability to respond to your environment
Growth- becoming larger in size
Reproduction – producing offspring
Excretion – getting rid of waste products
Nutrition – turning food into energy
What makes something alive?
Life ProcessesWh
In addition to MRS GREN, living things are made of………..
CELLS
What makes something alive?
What is classification?
Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics
The science of classifying organisms is known as taxonomy
Why do Scientists Classify?
Almost 2 million kinds of organisms on Earth
Need to keep organised! (Easier to study!)
Classification= process of grouping things based on their similarities
Class-ification Activity
Fill in your worksheet with people who share characteristics with you
At the end, we will group people with similar characteristics and try to come up with a grouping system
Early classification systems
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved
Aristotle’s System
Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved
For example, all animals that traveled by air were thought to have been related.
That meant that birds, bees, and bats were classified together and thought to be related!
Aristotle’s System
As time passed, more species were discovered & some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s system of classification.
Therefore, it became a great need for his system to be replaced!
Organisms are now classified according to their EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS
Eight classification groups of living things
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Distinguished Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools
Domain Archaea (Prokaryotic Cells)
Domain Eubacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)
Domain Eukaryota (Eukaryotic cells)
Kingdom
A Kingdom encompasses all related species.
The 5 Kingdoms
Kingdom Protista
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold
Slime Mold
Euglena Dinoflagellates
DiatomBrown Algae
Green Algae
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm (Dicot)
Angiosperm (Monocot)
Kingdom Animalia
Activity
Come up with some criteria for classifying the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia”
Record your results in a table
WHAT DID YOU LEARN ABOUT CLASSIFICATION
OR WHAT DID YOU REMEMBER FROM
LEARNING ABOUT IT IN THE PAST?
Reflection
TO LEARN HOW TO CLASSIFY AT KINGDOM AND PHYLUM LEVEL,
WITH A FOCUS ON ANIMALS
Expected learning
Phylum
Phylum: is a Taxa or “group” of similar classes.
The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla; the kingdom Plantae contains 12 divisions
Some phyla contain sub-phyla
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum#Animal_phyla
Class
Class: A class is a group of similar “Orders.”
For example: the feline Bobcats and lynxes belong to Class Mammalia as they have fur, mammary glands and give birth to live young.
Order
Order: is a taxon or “group” of similar families.
Feline Bobcats and lynxes have similar teeth arrangements and are meat eaters, belonging to the Order Carnivora.
Family
Family: is a group of similar genera.
For example: cats, bobcats, lynxes & lions all belong to the family Felidae.
Genus
A genus is a group of similar species.
For example: Cats and wild cats belong to the genus Felis
Species
Species is a group of organisms in a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
E.g. cats belong to the specie Felis catus
Activity
Re-classify the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia” to the most specific category you can
Record your results in a table
HOW WELL HAD YOU CLASSIFIED THE ANIMALS THE FIRST TIME? HOW
EASY DID YOU FIND RE-CLASSIFYING THE ANIMALS AND WHAT WERE THE
MAIN FEATURES YOU USED?
Reflection
TO LEARN HOW TO CLASSIFY KINGDOM ANIMALIA FURTHER
Expected learning
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Sub-phylum vertebrates
MAMMAL
FISH
REPTILEBIRD
AMPHIBIAN
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Animals with backbones are called vertebrates.
Vertebrates include many different kinds of animals. They can be found just about everywhere – in oceans, rivers, forests, mountains, and deserts.
Animals with backbones can be broken up into smaller groups by characteristics.
Vertebrates
Activity
Try to fill in as much of the vertebrate worksheet as possible – you’ve got 5 mins before we go through it on the powerpoint
Fish
Largest group of vertebrates.They come in many sizes and shapes.Many fish are covered with scales that
protects them.They have fins that help them to steer and
balance in the water.Their body temperatures vary in the water.They breathe through gills.
Amphibians
Their body temperature varies with their surroundings.
Amphibians hatch from eggs and they can live on land as an adult.
Young amphibians breathe through gills like fish.
Adult amphibians breathe air from lungs.Some have smooth moist skin.
Reptiles
Reptiles can move at various speeds.
They lay their eggs on land.
They have dry scaly skin.They can include animals
as large as a crocodile.Their body temperature
varies with their environment.
They live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rain forests.
Birds
Birds lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest.
There are about 9,000 types of birds.Birds are vertebrates that have wings and
they are covered with feathers. No other animal has this feature.
The bird’s skeleton is very light in weight. This helps them to fly.
Birds range in size from as small as your finger or as large as a human.
Mammals
They include a wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc.
Their young grows inside the mother.
Humans are mammals but they (animals) have more hair than we do.
The hair keeps the animals warm.They feed milk to their young.
TO FINALISE INVERTEBRATE
CLASSIFICATION AND TO LEARN ABOUT BINOMIAL
CLASSIFICATION AND DICHOTOMOUS KEYS
Expected learning
Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones.
97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of invertebrates.
Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other water environments.
Insects and some other invertebrates have exoskeletons.
There are 6 groups of invertebrates
Sub-phylum Invertebrates
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Porifera: Sponges
They look like plants but they are animals.Sponges stay fixed in one place (sessile).Their bodies are full of holes and their
skeleton is made of spiky fibers.Water flows through the holes of their body
which enables them to catch food (filter feeders).
Cnidarians: Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish
Corals look like plants but have soft tubelike bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles used to catch food
Hydras move from place to place and use tentacles that catch their food.
Jellyfish catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles also.
Worms: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Segmented worms
Worms are tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups.
They can be found in both land and water environments.
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
They have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies.
Roundworm
They have rounded bodies.They live in damp places and they can also
live inside humans and other animals.
Segmented worms
The earthworm belongs to this group of worms.
Their bodies are divided in segments, or sections.
They prefer burrowing through moist soil.
This allows them to move easily and it keeps them from drying out.
Echinoderms: Sea Stars, Sea cucumbers and Sea Urchins
A group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area.
Molluscs
A mollusc usually has a hard shell, a rough tongue, and a muscular foot.
A snail is a mollusc with a single hard shell.A clam has two shells joined together by a hinge.Squids and octopuses are also molluscsTheir hard shells are small, but they are inside
their bodies.
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Arthropods
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Arthropod Characteristics
Arthropods are a group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod.
As it grows, it molts, or sheds its old exoskeleton.
Then it grows a new exoskeleton that allows its body to continue to grow.
A lobster is an arthropod.The largest group of arthropods are insects.
adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt
Arthropods: Insects, Spiders, and Centipedes/Millipedes
They are the only invertebrates that can fly.Insects have bodies divided into three parts,
and six legs.Spiders have jointed legs (eight legs), jaws
and fangs.Centipedes and millipedes are also
arthropods. Centipedes uses its many legs to run from
enemies.Millipedes roll up their bodies when they
sense danger approaching.
Can you meet the challenge?
T. Trimpe 2009 http://sciencespot.net/
What clues can we use to remember the different classification groups for invertebrates?
Activity Directions:
1 – Work with your partner to place each “critter card” in its correct location around the edges of the classification mat.
2 – Write the names of the organisms in the correct location on your “What am I?” worksheet.
3 – When you are done, have your teacher check your answers.
NOTE: There are three extra organisms listed on the worksheet that are not on the critter cards! Can you figure out where they go?
CHALLENGE RULES1 – Shuffle the cards and place in ONE pile on the table.
2 – Start the timer and then pick up the cards and start sorting.
NOTE: If you are working with a partner, you cannot split the cards into two piles until after you start the timer!
3 – Stop the timer when you are done. Have a teacher check your answers.
4 – If all your answers are correct AND you completed the task in 30 seconds or less, write your name on the board !
63
Linnaeus’s System
Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist developed a wonderful method of classifying organisms properly.
His system was based upon classifying organisms according to organism's physical and structural similarities.
For example, he might use the similarities in flower parts as a basis for classifying flowering plants.
Binomial Nomenclature
Developed by LinnaeusTwo-name systemEach organism has a genus and a species
nameA genus (plural form = genera) consists
of a group of similar species. FIRST NAME
The SECOND NAME, the descriptive word, often times describe a characteristic of the organism, immediately follows the genus name.
Humans
the scientific name of modern humans is Homo sapien.
****Note, the genus name always begins with a capital letter, but the descriptive (second) name always begins with a lower case letter. Both names are always italicized or underlined. This is true ALL THE TIME!!!!
Modern humans are in the genus, “Homo.” And one characteristic of humans is that they are very bright, or wise. The descriptive word “sapien” means wise. Both the genus name & descriptive name is in Latin form.
D. Two Names For A Species
Latin is the language of scientific names which is still used today because the language is no longer used in society for conversation. Therefore, it does not change.
Although a scientific name gives information about the relationship of an organism & how it is classified, many organisms have common names just like you & your friends might have nicknames.
Overall, Classifying organisms is a useful tool for scientists as well as others who work in the agriculture, forestry & medicine field.
Ursus americanus
American Black Bear
Dichotomous Keys
1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2
1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20
2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3
2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35
3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger
3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion
Activity
In pairs, complete activity 8.1, including questions 1-5
HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT DID YOU FIND BINOMIAL
CLASSIFICATION?
Reflection
TO USE BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION AND DICHOTOMOUS KEYS,
WITH A FOCUS ON PLANTS
Expected learning
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)
Angiosperm; Dicot
Angiosperm; Monocot
How are Plants Classified?
There are more than 260,000 species of plants.
They can be divided into two groups:NonvascularVascular
Nonvascular plants
Have no pipes to transport water and nutrients
depend on diffusion and osmosis to move material from one part of the plant to another
have to be small: e.g. mosses, liverworts
Vascular Plants
Have tissues that deliver needed materials throughout a plant - called vascular tissues.
Can be almost any size.Are divided into gymnosperms (i.e. non-
flowering) and angiosperms (i.e. flowering) plants
Activity
Complete activity 8.2 our in the school grounds
You will be handing this in as a formal practical report
HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT DID YOU FIND THIS ACTIVITY?
Reflection
TO LEARN HOW TO WRITE A PRAC REPORT USING
ACTIVITY 8.2
Expected learning
Practical report format
You always need a title, your name and the date
Abstract: A summary of your report (like a book blurb)
Background: What was already known about your subject/experiment before you carried out the investigation
Aim: What you were trying to do (To……)
Hypothesis: what you thought was going to happen (If… then….)
Practical report format
Materials: What you used
Method: What you did in NUMBERED steps
Results: Tables, graphs, drawings etc
Discussion: What your results tell you (often by answering questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of your experiment
Conclusion: What you found out and if your hypothesis was supported (correct) or refuted (incorrect) AND WHY!!!!!
HOW HAPPY ARE YOU WITH YOUR FIRST PRAC
REPORT?
Reflection
TO TEST OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CLSSIFICATION
Expected learning
HOW HAPPY ARE YOU WITH YOUR FIRST TEST?
Reflection