ORDERING THE LIVING WORLD

Classification of Living Things

EL: TO FIND OUT WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT

WHAT MAKES SOMETHING "ALIVE" AND AN

INTRODUCTION TO CLASSIFICATION

Expected learning

Life ProcessesWh

Can be remembered using ‘’MRS GREN’’ Movement- the ability to move from one place to another

Respiration – a chemical process that takes place in every living cell

Sensitivity – the ability to respond to your environment

Growth- becoming larger in size

Reproduction – producing offspring

Excretion – getting rid of waste products

Nutrition – turning food into energy

What makes something alive?

Life ProcessesWh

In addition to MRS GREN, living things are made of………..

CELLS

What makes something alive?

What is classification?

Classification is the grouping of things according to characteristics

The science of classifying organisms is known as taxonomy

Why do Scientists Classify?

Almost 2 million kinds of organisms on Earth

Need to keep organised! (Easier to study!)

Classification= process of grouping things based on their similarities

Class-ification Activity

Fill in your worksheet with people who share characteristics with you

At the end, we will group people with similar characteristics and try to come up with a grouping system

Early classification systems

Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved

Aristotle’s System

Aristotle grouped animals according to the way they moved

For example, all animals that traveled by air were thought to have been related.

That meant that birds, bees, and bats were classified together and thought to be related!

Aristotle’s System

As time passed, more species were discovered & some did not fit easily into Aristotle’s system of classification.

Therefore, it became a great need for his system to be replaced!

Organisms are now classified according to their EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS

Eight classification groups of living things

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Distinguished Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools

Domain Archaea (Prokaryotic Cells)

Domain Eubacteria (Prokaryotic Cells)

Domain Eukaryota (Eukaryotic cells)

Kingdom

A Kingdom encompasses all related species.

The 5 Kingdoms

Kingdom Protista

Amoeba Paramecium Giardia

Water Mold

Slime Mold

Euglena Dinoflagellates

DiatomBrown Algae

Green Algae

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Plantae

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)

Angiosperm (Dicot)

Angiosperm (Monocot)

Kingdom Animalia

Activity

Come up with some criteria for classifying the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia”

Record your results in a table

WHAT DID YOU LEARN ABOUT CLASSIFICATION

OR WHAT DID YOU REMEMBER FROM

LEARNING ABOUT IT IN THE PAST?

Reflection

TO LEARN HOW TO CLASSIFY AT KINGDOM AND PHYLUM LEVEL,

WITH A FOCUS ON ANIMALS

Expected learning

Phylum

Phylum: is a Taxa or “group” of similar classes.

The kingdom Animalia contains approximately 35 phyla; the kingdom Plantae contains 12 divisions

Some phyla contain sub-phyla

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylum#Animal_phyla

Class

Class: A class is a group of similar “Orders.”

For example: the feline Bobcats and lynxes belong to Class Mammalia as they have fur, mammary glands and give birth to live young.

Order

Order: is a taxon or “group” of similar families.

Feline Bobcats and lynxes have similar teeth arrangements and are meat eaters, belonging to the Order Carnivora.

Family

Family: is a group of similar genera.

For example: cats, bobcats, lynxes & lions all belong to the family Felidae.

Genus

A genus is a group of similar species.

For example: Cats and wild cats belong to the genus Felis

Species

Species is a group of organisms in a population that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

E.g. cats belong to the specie Felis catus

Activity

Re-classify the preserved specimens from “Kingdom Animalia” to the most specific category you can

Record your results in a table

HOW WELL HAD YOU CLASSIFIED THE ANIMALS THE FIRST TIME? HOW

EASY DID YOU FIND RE-CLASSIFYING THE ANIMALS AND WHAT WERE THE

MAIN FEATURES YOU USED?

Reflection

TO LEARN HOW TO CLASSIFY KINGDOM ANIMALIA FURTHER

Expected learning

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Sub-phylum vertebrates

MAMMAL

FISH

REPTILEBIRD

AMPHIBIAN

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Animals with backbones are called vertebrates.

Vertebrates include many different kinds of animals. They can be found just about everywhere – in oceans, rivers, forests, mountains, and deserts.

Animals with backbones can be broken up into smaller groups by characteristics.

Vertebrates

Activity

Try to fill in as much of the vertebrate worksheet as possible – you’ve got 5 mins before we go through it on the powerpoint

Fish

Largest group of vertebrates.They come in many sizes and shapes.Many fish are covered with scales that

protects them.They have fins that help them to steer and

balance in the water.Their body temperatures vary in the water.They breathe through gills.

Amphibians

Their body temperature varies with their surroundings.

Amphibians hatch from eggs and they can live on land as an adult.

Young amphibians breathe through gills like fish.

Adult amphibians breathe air from lungs.Some have smooth moist skin.

Reptiles

Reptiles can move at various speeds.

They lay their eggs on land.

They have dry scaly skin.They can include animals

as large as a crocodile.Their body temperature

varies with their environment.

They live in hot, dry deserts and in warm, wet tropical rain forests.

Birds

Birds lay hard shelled eggs that hatch in their nest.

There are about 9,000 types of birds.Birds are vertebrates that have wings and

they are covered with feathers. No other animal has this feature.

The bird’s skeleton is very light in weight. This helps them to fly.

Birds range in size from as small as your finger or as large as a human.

Mammals

They include a wide range of animals: ape, lions, kangaroos, bats, and etc.

Their young grows inside the mother.

Humans are mammals but they (animals) have more hair than we do.

The hair keeps the animals warm.They feed milk to their young.

TO FINALISE INVERTEBRATE

CLASSIFICATION AND TO LEARN ABOUT BINOMIAL

CLASSIFICATION AND DICHOTOMOUS KEYS

Expected learning

Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbones.

97 % of the animal kingdom is made up of invertebrates.

Some can be found in ponds, oceans, and other water environments.

Insects and some other invertebrates have exoskeletons.

There are 6 groups of invertebrates

Sub-phylum Invertebrates

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Porifera: Sponges

They look like plants but they are animals.Sponges stay fixed in one place (sessile).Their bodies are full of holes and their

skeleton is made of spiky fibers.Water flows through the holes of their body

which enables them to catch food (filter feeders).

Cnidarians: Corals, Hydras, and Jellyfish

Corals look like plants but have soft tubelike bodies with a single opening surrounded by armlike parts called tentacles used to catch food

Hydras move from place to place and use tentacles that catch their food.

Jellyfish catch shrimp, fish, and other animals in its tentacles also.

Worms: Flatworms, Roundworms, and Segmented worms

Worms are tube-shaped invertebrates which allows them to be put into groups.

They can be found in both land and water environments.

Platyhelminthes: Flatworms

They have a head and a tail, and flattened bodies.

Roundworm

They have rounded bodies.They live in damp places and they can also

live inside humans and other animals.

Segmented worms

The earthworm belongs to this group of worms.

Their bodies are divided in segments, or sections.

They prefer burrowing through moist soil.

This allows them to move easily and it keeps them from drying out.

Echinoderms: Sea Stars, Sea cucumbers and Sea Urchins

A group of invertebrates that have tiny tube feet and body parts arranged around a central area.

Molluscs

A mollusc usually has a hard shell, a rough tongue, and a muscular foot.

A snail is a mollusc with a single hard shell.A clam has two shells joined together by a hinge.Squids and octopuses are also molluscsTheir hard shells are small, but they are inside

their bodies.

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Arthropods

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Arthropod Characteristics

Arthropods are a group of invertebrates with jointed legs and hard exoskeleton that protect the arthropod.

As it grows, it molts, or sheds its old exoskeleton.

Then it grows a new exoskeleton that allows its body to continue to grow.

A lobster is an arthropod.The largest group of arthropods are insects.

adapted from http://gideon.k12.mo.us/teachers/jswilley/htdocs/Classification%20of%20Animals.ppt

Arthropods: Insects, Spiders, and Centipedes/Millipedes

They are the only invertebrates that can fly.Insects have bodies divided into three parts,

and six legs.Spiders have jointed legs (eight legs), jaws

and fangs.Centipedes and millipedes are also

arthropods. Centipedes uses its many legs to run from

enemies.Millipedes roll up their bodies when they

sense danger approaching.

Can you meet the challenge?

T. Trimpe 2009 http://sciencespot.net/

What clues can we use to remember the different classification groups for invertebrates?

Activity Directions:

1 – Work with your partner to place each “critter card” in its correct location around the edges of the classification mat.

2 – Write the names of the organisms in the correct location on your “What am I?” worksheet.

3 – When you are done, have your teacher check your answers.

NOTE: There are three extra organisms listed on the worksheet that are not on the critter cards! Can you figure out where they go?

CHALLENGE RULES1 – Shuffle the cards and place in ONE pile on the table.

2 – Start the timer and then pick up the cards and start sorting.

NOTE: If you are working with a partner, you cannot split the cards into two piles until after you start the timer!

3 – Stop the timer when you are done. Have a teacher check your answers.

4 – If all your answers are correct AND you completed the task in 30 seconds or less, write your name on the board !

63

Linnaeus’s System

Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish Botanist developed a wonderful method of classifying organisms properly.

His system was based upon classifying organisms according to organism's physical and structural similarities.

For example, he might use the similarities in flower parts as a basis for classifying flowering plants.

Binomial Nomenclature

Developed by LinnaeusTwo-name systemEach organism has a genus and a species

nameA genus (plural form = genera) consists

of a group of similar species. FIRST NAME

The SECOND NAME, the descriptive word, often times describe a characteristic of the organism, immediately follows the genus name.

Humans

the scientific name of modern humans is Homo sapien.

****Note, the genus name always begins with a capital letter, but the descriptive (second) name always begins with a lower case letter. Both names are always italicized or underlined. This is true ALL THE TIME!!!!

Modern humans are in the genus, “Homo.” And one characteristic of humans is that they are very bright, or wise. The descriptive word “sapien” means wise. Both the genus name & descriptive name is in Latin form.

D. Two Names For A Species

Latin is the language of scientific names which is still used today because the language is no longer used in society for conversation. Therefore, it does not change.

Although a scientific name gives information about the relationship of an organism & how it is classified, many organisms have common names just like you & your friends might have nicknames.

Overall, Classifying organisms is a useful tool for scientists as well as others who work in the agriculture, forestry & medicine field.

Ursus americanus

American Black Bear

Dichotomous Keys

1a. Organism has 4 legs Go to # 2

1b. Organism has more than 4 legs Go to # 20

2a. Organism has a tail Go to # 3

2b. Organism has no tail Go to # 35

3a. Organism has stripes Bengal Tiger

3b. Organism has no stripes African Lion

Activity

In pairs, complete activity 8.1, including questions 1-5

HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT DID YOU FIND BINOMIAL

CLASSIFICATION?

Reflection

TO USE BINOMIAL CLASSIFICATION AND DICHOTOMOUS KEYS,

WITH A FOCUS ON PLANTS

Expected learning

Kingdom Plantae

Bryophyte (Moss)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Pteridophyte(Fern)

Coniferophytes (Pine Trees)

Angiosperm; Dicot

Angiosperm; Monocot

How are Plants Classified?

There are more than 260,000 species of plants.

They can be divided into two groups:NonvascularVascular

Nonvascular plants

Have no pipes to transport water and nutrients

depend on diffusion and osmosis to move material from one part of the plant to another

have to be small: e.g. mosses, liverworts

Vascular Plants

Have tissues that deliver needed materials throughout a plant - called vascular tissues.

Can be almost any size.Are divided into gymnosperms (i.e. non-

flowering) and angiosperms (i.e. flowering) plants

Activity

Complete activity 8.2 our in the school grounds

You will be handing this in as a formal practical report

HOW EASY OR DIFFICULT DID YOU FIND THIS ACTIVITY?

Reflection

TO LEARN HOW TO WRITE A PRAC REPORT USING

ACTIVITY 8.2

Expected learning

Practical report format

You always need a title, your name and the date

Abstract: A summary of your report (like a book blurb)

Background: What was already known about your subject/experiment before you carried out the investigation

Aim: What you were trying to do (To……)

Hypothesis: what you thought was going to happen (If… then….)

Practical report format

Materials: What you used

Method: What you did in NUMBERED steps

Results: Tables, graphs, drawings etc

Discussion: What your results tell you (often by answering questions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of your experiment

Conclusion: What you found out and if your hypothesis was supported (correct) or refuted (incorrect) AND WHY!!!!!

HOW HAPPY ARE YOU WITH YOUR FIRST PRAC

REPORT?

Reflection

TO TEST OUR KNOWLEDGE OF CLSSIFICATION

Expected learning

HOW HAPPY ARE YOU WITH YOUR FIRST TEST?

Reflection