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Desalination
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DesalinationProcess that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water
History
1852: British patent on desalination device
1928: First major commitment to desalination (Curacao, Netherlands Antilles)
1938: First large‐scale desalination plant (Saudi Arabia)
WWII: Considerable desalination research by US (establishment of Office of Saline Water (OSW) and Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT)
U.S desalination research funding:
1977 ‐ $144 million, 2000‐ $1.3 million
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Simplified Box Diagram for Desalination
DESALTINGDEVICE
Saline Water
Brine
Fresh Water
Energy
Feedwater (seawater or brackish water)
WasteDischarge
Thermal, Electrical,Solar, Wind
Product
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World Desalination Capacity by Source of Water (June 1999)
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Diagram of a Vapor Still
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Major Desalting ProcessesThermal:
Multi‐stage flash distillationMultiple‐effect distillationVapor compression
Membrane:ElectrodialysisReverse osmosis
Minor processes: freezing, membrane distillation, solar humidification
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Boiling Temperature of Water at Different Pressures
Pressure (bar) Temperature (deg. C)
2 120
1 100
0.25 65
0.1 45
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Multi‐stage flash distillationAdvantages
•Production of water with good quality (5 to 50 ppmtds)
•RO produces 10 to 500 ppm tds
•Leading technology for large‐scale seawater distillation (in use for 40 years)
Disadvantages•Requires large energy input•High maintenance requirements•Larger space needed that RO desalination plant•Most experience is from Middle East where energy costs are less of a concern•Large amount of water necessary for production and cooling
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Components of a Reverse Osmosis Plant
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Reverse OsmosisAdvantages
•Reduced energy costs compared to distillation•Higher water recovery than distillation (45% for seawater)•In addition to removing salts, RO processes also remove other contaminants: organic molecules, viruses, bacteria, silica•Automation feasible
Disadvantages•Sensitive to feedwater quality and requires extensive feedwater treatment to limit scaling and membrane fouling•Complicated feedwaterpretreatment
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Proposed Kalaeloa Desalination FacilitySeawater reverse osmosis desalination facility
Undeveloped location previously part of Barber’s Point Naval Air Station
Water production expected by Spring 2004
Produce 5 mgd freshwater from 12 mgd of source waterSupplement Oahu’s potable water supply
Will occupy 20 acres of land
Waste disposal through injection wells
Cost: $54 million (capital), $6.80 per 1000 gallons
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Proposed Location of Kalaeloa Desalination Facility
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