ore 330 mineral and energy resources of the sea · desalination y process that removes dissolved...

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Desalination

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Page 1: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Desalination

Page 2: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

DesalinationProcess that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water

History

1852: British patent on desalination device

1928: First major commitment to desalination (Curacao, Netherlands Antilles)

1938: First large‐scale desalination plant (Saudi Arabia)

WWII: Considerable desalination research by US (establishment of Office of Saline Water (OSW) and Office of Water Research and Technology (OWRT)

U.S desalination research funding: 

1977 ‐ $144 million, 2000‐ $1.3 million

Page 3: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Simplified Box Diagram for Desalination

DESALTINGDEVICE

Saline Water

Brine

Fresh Water

Energy

Feedwater (seawater or brackish water)

WasteDischarge

Thermal, Electrical,Solar, Wind

Product

Page 4: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

World Desalination Capacity by Source of Water (June 1999)

Page 5: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 6: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 7: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 8: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Diagram of  a Vapor Still

Page 9: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 10: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Major Desalting ProcessesThermal:

Multi‐stage flash distillationMultiple‐effect distillationVapor compression

Membrane:ElectrodialysisReverse osmosis

Minor processes: freezing, membrane distillation, solar humidification

Page 11: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 12: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Boiling Temperature of Water at Different Pressures

Pressure (bar) Temperature (deg. C)

2 120

1 100

0.25 65

0.1 45

Page 13: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 14: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Multi‐stage flash distillationAdvantages

•Production of water with good quality (5 to 50 ppmtds)

•RO produces 10 to 500 ppm tds

•Leading technology for large‐scale seawater distillation (in use for 40 years)

Disadvantages•Requires large energy input•High maintenance requirements•Larger space needed that RO desalination plant•Most experience is from Middle East where energy costs are less of a concern•Large amount of water necessary for production and cooling

Page 15: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 16: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 17: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Components of a Reverse Osmosis Plant

Page 18: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Reverse OsmosisAdvantages

•Reduced energy costs compared to distillation•Higher water recovery than distillation (45% for seawater)•In addition to removing salts, RO processes also remove other contaminants: organic molecules, viruses, bacteria, silica•Automation feasible

Disadvantages•Sensitive to feedwater quality and requires extensive feedwater treatment to limit scaling and membrane fouling•Complicated feedwaterpretreatment

Page 19: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 20: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 21: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 22: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Proposed Kalaeloa Desalination FacilitySeawater reverse osmosis desalination facility

Undeveloped location previously part of Barber’s Point Naval Air Station

Water production expected by Spring 2004

Produce 5 mgd freshwater from 12 mgd of source waterSupplement Oahu’s potable water supply

Will occupy 20 acres of land

Waste disposal through injection wells

Cost: $54 million (capital), $6.80 per 1000 gallons

Page 23: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History

Proposed Location of Kalaeloa Desalination Facility 

Page 24: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 25: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 26: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History
Page 27: ORE 330 Mineral and Energy Resources of the Sea · Desalination y Process that removes dissolved minerals (including but not limited to salt) from seawater and brackish water y History