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Peers and neighborhoods
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Peers
• Peers play a significant role in maturation, particularly during adolescence
• Strained and/or inadequate peer relationships associated with delinquency
• Delinquents tend to associate with other delinquents
• Delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups
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Peers
• Many delinquents have poor social skills, hang around with others who are similar
• Deviant values may be learned from a deviant peer group. Some adolescents have no prior history until they begin to “run with the wrong crowd”
• Others have prior histories, find others like themselves
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Peers
• Peer associations might partly explain desistance—if a person changes peer groups, delinquency may cease
• For others, the continuation of the group might lead to further criminality (substance abuse, drug selling)
• Peer groups teach techniques, rationalizations for activities, attitudes
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Peers
• Whether or not a peer group has an effect on an individual depends on how much the person values the peer group, length of the association, etc.
• Differential association (Sutherland)
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Gangs
• Gangs intensively studied, beginning with Thrasher’s work in 1927.
• Argued that gangs provide excitement, fun, and opportunities for accomplishment and respect, typically denied to poor adolescent males in mainstream society
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Gangs
• Less attention to gangs in the 60s and early 70s: police activity, political activities, the draft, the increased popularity of heroin
• Gangs re-emerged in the 1970s and spread• Reasons: involvement of gangs in sale of drugs—
replacement for organized crime• Economic changes-from a manufacturing to
service occupations. Less jobs for poor youths
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Gangs
• Family changes: parental absence, substance abuse, poverty, other crime (yet, some gang members come from stable families, and some youths from dysfunctional families avoid them)
• Very wide variety of gangs
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Gangs
• Common classifications: organized, serious delinquent, party/social, retreatist, conflict (predatory)
• Specialists vs. generalists
• Vary in terms of size, age range, duration of existence, territory, activities, length of time in the gang
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gangs
• Most common in transitional neighborhoods• Transitional neighborhoods characterized by:• Poverty, high levels of unemployment• Deteriorated housing, usually rental• Adjacent to downtown or industrial areas• Physically unsafe (numerous code violations)
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Neighborhoods
• Health and mental health problems
• Lack of accessible services
• Housing projects
• High levels of crime
• Long term history of gang activity
• Resident mobility
• Ethnic segregation, hostility
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Neighborhoods
• Broken windows phenomenon
• Suspicion and mistrust
• Unsafe conditions for police officers
• Residents not cooperative with police or other authority figures
• Diminished neighborhood control of youths
• Invasion by criminal element (esp.drugs)
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Neighborhoods
• Social disorganization
• Residents unable to mobilize and stop/prevent crime
• Cynicism, alienation, mistrust, fear of retaliation, discouragement
• Potential leaders typically move out
• Businesses, churches, etc., leave
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Neighborhoods
• Long-term tradition of crime and gangs
• Members grow older, but the gangs remain
• Family tradition
• Recent trends
• Lethal violence
• Increased numbers
• Greater number of ethnic groups
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Trends
• “aging” of gangs, (thought to be due to the erosion of the industrial base and the availability of the drug market)