Download - Performance Enhancing Substances and Techniques Performance Enhancing Substances and Techniques
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Performance Enhancing Substances and Performance Enhancing Substances and TechniquesTechniques
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Ergogenic aids are used by some athletes to: Improve physical appearance Prevent and/or treat injuries,
illnesses, or disease Cope with stress Increase athletic potential Bridge the “genetic gap”
Three types of Ergogenic Aids: Nutritional aids Pharmacological aids Physiological aids
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Nutritional supplements include: Vitamins and
minerals Protein and amino
acid supplements Carnitine Creatine Caffeine
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arie C. F
ields”
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Regularly taking megavitamins may cause: Illness Tissue damage Toxic effects to body
Supplements are beneficial when a clear deficiency is indicated
Athletes are advised to increase food intake, resulting in dietary sourcesof vitamins and minerals
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Benefits/risks of protein and amino acid supplements are fraught with conflicting research findings/evidence
Studies report that ingesting excessive amounts of protein can produce toxic effects due tooverproduction of urea resulting in: Dehydration Muscle cramps Impairment of
thermoregulatory function
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Carnitine is advertised as a “fat burner” that claims to: Decrease lactate production Increase VO2max Delay fatigue Spare glycogen Induce loss of body fat Enhance aerobic and anaerobic
capacity Experimental data has failed to
support these theories
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Creatine is an oral supplement that claims to increase: Phosphocreatine storage in
muscle Speed Power Strength
Effectiveness of creatine supplement still unclear
More studies need to be conducted on the safety of long-term use
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Evidence suggests caffeine increases performance during prolonged endurance and intense short-term exercises Increase alertness Reduces fatigue
Energy drinks contain as much as 80mg of caffeine
Ingesting caffeine can cause: Dehydration Nervousness Irritability
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Pharmacological aids include: Pain-masking drugs Anabolic steroids Prohormones Human growth hormone Erythropoietin
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Pain-masking agents (narcotic analgesics) include: Morphine Heroin
Side effects include: Inability to detect pain to
prevent serious or permanent injury from occurring
Physical and psychological dependence
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Athletes take Anabolic steroids to: Increase muscle mass Increase strength Decrease body fat
Harmful side effects include: Organ damage (liver, kidney) Increased cholesterol Increased blood pressure Increased aggression
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Prohormones are a type of androgenic steroid Use of prohormones (androstenedione in particular)
claim to: Increase physical power Decrease body fat
No scientific data to support these theories Harmful side effects include:
Baldness Breast enlargement (in males) aggression and violent behaviour
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Synthetic preparations of the Human growth hormone (HGH) is used to achieve: Increased muscle mass Limited weight gain Improved aerobic endurance
Health risks include: Heart problems Excessive growth of hands and feet Dangerous enlargement of organs (heart,
kidneys, liver)
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Erythropoietin (EPO) used by some athletes competing in endurance sports
Shown to cause increase in levels of hemoglobin
Allows more oxygen to be carried to tissues
Higher red-cell count causes heart to work harder
Increases risk of cardiac fatigue and heart failure
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Restricted pharmacological substances include: Alcohol Marijuana Local anaesthetics Corticosteroids Beta blockers
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Alcohol Causes:
▪ Sedative effects▪ Confusion▪ Lessen reaction time
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MarijuanaCauses:
Affects psychomotor functionLowers reaction time
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Local Anaesthetics Causes:
▪ Block pain▪ Further injury can
result
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Restricted pharmacological substances include: Corticosteroids:
▪ Used to open airways
▪ Can be toxic
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Beta Blockers Causes:
▪ Can cause low blood pressure
▪ Disrupts sleep patterns
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Physiological methods include: Blood doping
▪ Intravenous administration of blood, red blood cells, and related blood products:▪ Raises the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity▪ Increases cardiac output▪ Decreases lactate levels▪ Improves sweating response
Drug masking▪ Certain drugs are used to reduce the presence of
banned substances▪ Includes agents that dilute concentration in:
▪ Bloodstream▪ Diuretics
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Drug Testing Ensures an even
playing field Test are
performed randomly
Performed year around
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Ethical Issues What would you do? How would your decision
impact your family,
country, or nation? How would it impact
your future?