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Major philosophies of Education
Philosophies
Perennialism Progressivism
Essentialism Existentialism
SocialReconstructionism
Fishbone organizer
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Jigsaw and fishbone
Groups of tables will be assigned one of thephilosophies on the fishbone organizer.
Using the handout, the group will become the expertson the assigned philosophy(jigsaw)
The group will be responsible to summarize thephilosophy on the flip chart paper and post their
section of the fishbone onto the bigger fishbone aswell as explain it to the rest of the group
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Teacher Centered
Focus on the
subject
Student CenteredFocus onSelf and
Society
Perennialism
Essentialism
Progressivism
Existentialism
SocialReconstructionism
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Presentations to groupWhen presenting the philosophy please explain it in
terms of the continuum and why it fits in thatsection of the continuum.
You will also identify key philosophers identified withthis philosophy.
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Perennealism views truth as a constant
education is to ensure that students acquireknowledge of unchanging principles or great ideas
great ideas have the best potential of solving theproblems of any era
curriculum should stress students growth in arts andsciences
students should become culturally literate bystudying the best , most significant works thathumans have created
aim to teach students to become critical thinkers
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PerennealismMajor Researchers
* Robert Maynard Hutchins (1899-1977)
* Mortimer Adler organized the great Books ofthe Western World curriculum
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Essentialism believe that human culture has a core of common
knowledge that schools are obliged to transmit tostudents in a systematic, disciplined way
believe that there is a body of essentialknowledge and skills that all humans need toknow
schools should provide sound instruction that isaimed at preparing students to live life andcomply with societys accepted standards andneed for order.
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Essentialism * William C. Bagley ( 1874-1946)
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Progressivism education should be child centered
curriculum should be derived from studentsinterests
effective teaching takes into account the whole child
learning is active, not passive
knowledge that is true in the present may not be truein the future so students need to be taught problemsolving strategies
the teacher is a guide or resource to help studentslearn about what
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ProgressivismJohn Dewey ( 1859-1952
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Existentialism focuses on the experiences of the individual
helps learners focus on the meaning of their learning,their life, their truth
emphasizes creative choice, the subjectivity of humanexperience, and concrete acts of human existence
schools must allow students freedom of choice
freedom has rules and respect for the freedom of
others is essential schools should allow students to ask their own
questions, conduct their own inquiries, and drawtheir own conclusions
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Existentialism * Jean Paul Sarte ( 1905-1980)
* Maxine Greene ( 1917 - )
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Social Reconstructionism school should take the lead in changing or reconstructing society
reaction to the cold war climate and threat after WWII
schools should both transmit knowledge about the existing socialorder but also seek to reconstruct it as well
belief in bringing the community into the classroom
actively seek to create a world wide democracy
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Social Reconstructionism * Theodore Brameld ( 1904-1987)
* George Counts ( 1889-1974)
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Psychological orientations In addition to the five major philosophical
orientations, several psychological theories haveformed the basis for teaching philosophies.
Psychological theories are concerned withunderstanding the conditions that are associated witheffective learning
There are many psychological orientations that haveinfluenced teaching philosophies such as humanisticpsychology, behaviourism, and constructivism.
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Humanistic Psychology emphasizes freedom, choice, awareness, personal
responsibility
*goal of education is individual self-actualization
individuals control their own destinies through theapplication of their intelligence and reasoning
teachers should not force students to learn but shouldcreate a climate of trust and respect that allowsstudents to decide what and how they will learn
teachers become learning facilitators
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Behaviorasim based on the belief that desirable human behaviour can be
the product of design, not accident
our behaviour is determined by forces in our environ- ment
that shape our behaviour learning conforms to a basic stimulus-response model
( operant conditioning)
teachers can create learners who respond by 1. identifyingthe desired behaviours in concrete terms 2. establishing a
procedure for recording specific behaviours and countingtheir frequencies 3. for each behaviour, identify anappropriate reinforcer 4. ensure that students receive theappropriate reinforcer as soon as possible after displayingthe desired behaviour
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Constructivism focus on processes of learning rather than on learning behaviour
believe that students construct understanding of the material to belearned
support student centered curriculum
focus on mental processes and strategies that students use to lear
see learning as an active, meaning-making process
students are continuously involved in making sense of the thingsthat happen around them
teachers must realize that students learning is influenced by priorknowledge, experience, attitudes, and social; interactions
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Seasonal partners Take out a sheet of extra paper
On this sheet make a symbol for every season of the
year and leave room to write someones name underthe season (see next slide for model)
Your task is to fill this sheet with four differentpartners who are not sitting at your table
These will be your seasonal partners.
You will be asked to meet with your seasonal partnersduring further discussions
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Winter partner______________________
Spring partner____________________
Fall partner_________________
Summer partner
________________________
Seasonal partners
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://einiverse.eingang.org/ein2/archives/images/leaf4.jpg&imgrefurl=http://einiverse.eingang.org/ein2/archives/2004/02/index.html&h=230&w=230&sz=14&hl=en&start=26&tbnid=ewLSERNXmToifM:&tbnh=108&tbnw=108&prev=http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/3081053/2/istockphoto_3081053_retro_spring_garden_vector.jpghttp://www.dreamstime.com/cartoon-sun-thumb1008854http://www.artie.com/winter/arg_snowman_207x181_url.gif -
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Personal beliefs
Teaching and Learning
Students
Knowledge
What is worth knowing
Philosophical areas
Philosophy ofEducation
TeachingBehaviour
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Personal beliefs Please find your winter partner
With your winter partner discuss your beliefs aboutteaching and learning.
Please find your summer partner
With this partner please discuss your beliefs aboutwhat is worth knowing