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Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved
© The Aerospace Corporation 2012
Picosatellites and Nanosatellites at The Aerospace Corporation
David Hinkley and Brian Hardy The Aerospace Corporation [email protected] 310-336-5211
In-Space Non-Destructive Inspection Technology Workshop Feb 29 – Mar 1, 2012 Johnson Space Center Houston, Tx
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Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved
Outline
• Past Missions and Experience – MEPSI Satellites – Aerocube Satellites – PSSC2
• Autonomous Inspector Technologies – Imaging Capability – Attitude Control – Propulsion System – De-orbit Capability
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The Aerospace Corporation Pico and Nanosatellites 3
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The Aerospace Corporation Pico and Nanosatellites 4
2010 2012
AC4
1.2 kg
PSSC2 3.5 kg
2014
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• Design, build and operate miniature satellites (< 7 kg) • Average of 1 flight per year for last 10 years
• Develop custom sensors • Sun sensor; Earth sensor; RAM sensor; Visible cameras
• Develop custom capabilities • Cold gas propulsion system; De-orbit capability
• Mature and capable bus • Robust with redundancies • Precision short-term tracking (< 1 degree precision) • High peak-power payloads (30W for 5 minutes in 1U form factor)
• Strong organization • The Aerospace Corporation is a California nonprofit corporation that
operates a Federally Funded Research and Development Center dedicated to technical excellence in National Security space.
2011 The Aerospace Corporation’s Picosat Capabilities
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Flight Computer µP
P-PCB µP x 6
SBPCB
P-PCB
Freewave Radio
Batteries 1 & 2
+Z
+Y +X
Triax rotation, accelerations, magnetics
FCPCB
Freewave
Reaction Wheels (orthogonal)
X 3
X 3 Visible cameras
Torque coils (orthogonal) X 3
X 2
X 1
sun sensors earth sensor suite
Solar & Bat Board #1 µP
GPS µP
GPS1
ADV Radio µP
Adv_Radio
RAM sensor
Solar arrays
Wing Control Computer µP WING PCB
Optical beacon
Drag device
AOS
IMU µP
IMU PCB
AOS µP
WING PCB
2011 Common 1U Picosatellite Avionics and Sensors
6
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7
2006 MEPSI* Mission Goal Launched December 2006
* MEPSI = Micro-Electromechanical-based PICOSAT Satellite Inspector
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8
2006 MEPSI Mission Concept
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9
2006 MEPSI Mission Hardware
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• Cold-gas propulsion • Fabricated with stereolithography (leakless) • Designed for use with refrigerant propellant • Capable of 20 m/s delta-V • 1x4x4 inches and 250 grams
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2006 MEPSI Propulsion Unit - Design
1x4x4 inches 250 grams
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11 STS-116 (Discovery)
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12
2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Photographs
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13
2006 MEPSI Mission Results - Propulsion
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2006 AeroCube-2: 1-day of fame
• A picture of the Cal Poly CubeSat CP-4 taken by AeroCube-2—the first and, so far, only instance of one CubeSat photographing another.
AeroCube-2 CubeSat
14
Launched April 2007; ~1kg, 1U
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2008 AeroCube-3
North 180° FOV
Launched May 2009; 1kg, 1U
Central Mexico
California Coast
15
AeroCube-3 CubeSat
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X
-Z
Mylar balloon stowed under this cover
Y, B 180° FOV visible camera
Tether cutting mechanism
200’ Tether
Earth sensor
2-angle Sun sensor
Solar cell
Sensor B
Sensor A
57° FOV visible camera
2008 AeroCube-3 Features
Y
X Triax rotation rate sensors (not shown)
B Triax magnetic field sensors (not shown)
B
B
Z
Y-axis reaction wheel
Tether reel
Tether cutter
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High-brightness LED Tether Reel
Inflation Module w/ balloon pressure sensor
Tether Cutter AeroCube-3 (1084.4 g)
24 inch dia Balloon
Balloon Cover Latch
2008 AeroCube-3 Technology 17
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Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved
2011 PSSC2 Nanosatellite Built by Aerospace for STS-135 mission, flown July 20-Dec 7 2011
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2011 PSSC2 Design
+Z
-X
-Y
2
3 4
5
6
7
8
9
1
7
• Magnetic torque coils to detumble or
spin-up the spacecraft • Three orthogonally mounted reaction
wheels for pointing control • Earth horizon sensor for nadir
sensing • Magnetometers to provide full three-
axis knowledge of orientation • Sun sensors to orient various faces
to the sun to perform solar cell experiments
• Demonstrated closed-loop, 3-axis attitude control based on sun, earth, and magnetic field sensors
Reaction Wheel Block
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2011 AeroCube-4
Functionality (new in bold) Radio1 (915 MHz, 1 W) Radio2 (915 MHz, 1 W) GPS Deployable panels Non-inflatable deorbit device 3 cameras (1600x1200) 3X Reaction wheel 3X Torque coils Redundant architecture On-orbit software reprogrammability Lithium Ion batteries (2 x 18650) Magnet field sensors Earth and sun sensors High fidelity 3-axis rate gyro
21
Closed-Loop Attitude Control based on IMU Capable of < 1 degree of pointing precision
To be Launched Fall 2012; three 1kg, 1U CubeSats
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AeroCube-4 Drag device shown next to a CubeSat
2007, 2011 Deorbit Capabilities • Developed to meet FCC 25-year deorbit requirements
– Orbits above ~700 km in altitude require assistance to deorbit within requirement
• AeroCubes 2 & 3 contained balloons – Difficult to inflate
• AeroCube 4 possesses a mechanically deployed, parachute-like, deorbit device
AeroCube-3 Deorbit subsystem
AC3 Balloon Deployment Shows balloon inflation difficulties
Fill Tube
Balloon
22
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Copyright 2012, The Aerospace Corporation, All rights reserved
• Over the past 13 years The Aerospace Corporation had developed and flown many of the enabling technologies for an Autonomous PicoSatellite Inspector
– High resolution imagery
– 3-axis attitude control
– Cold-gas propulsion system
– Deorbit device
– Robust and flight proven satellite bus architecture
23
All trademarks, trade names, and service marks are the property of their respective owners.”
Conclusion
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24
Backup Slides
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25
PSSC2 Deployment from Atlantis (STS-135)
Image Courtesy of NASA
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28 PSSC-2 photograph of the Earth Preparation for SRM firing Wide angle lens Copyright 2011 The Aerospace Corporation
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Satellite Orbit Trajectory Earth daylight / cloud image
• Series of images taken while nadir pointing
2011 PSSC2 Earth imaging Capability 29
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Satellite Orbit Trajectory
Earth imaging 30
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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Earth imaging
Satellite Orbit Trajectory
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