Population - Energy/Goods Consumption– Materials Flow - Emissions
SUV/Truck
Bus
Metro
Electric
Hydrogen/Other
Carbon
PMT Fuels (FM), j Emission (EM), k
Diesel
Car
Pop., P
Gas
ai=1Fraction of PMT
bi
VMT/PMT
cjk
Emission/Fuel-
Passenger Milesdistance# of trips
Activity
Walk/Bike
SUV/Truck
Bus
Metro
Car
Walk/Bike
VMT
cij
Fuel/VMT
Analysis Framework III – Causality LoopEconomic Development with Due Care of the Environment
Health-Welfare
Energy-Env.
Socio-Economic Science & Eng.
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Carbon/ Energy
P X X X X
Occupancy VMT, PMT, FTM Energy Efficiency
Carbon Em Factor
Causality Factor
Transportation Causality Chain:
The need to move people and goods drives the carbon emission trend.
Car
bon
Gal
lons
Mile
s
Per
sons
Veh
icle
s
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Carbon/ Energy
P X X X X
Occupancy
• Carpool
•
•
Causality Factor
Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality
Constraints and Criteria for Choices:Cost
Time
Convenience
Carbon Intensity
•
•
•
VMT, PMT, FTM
•
•
•
Energy Efficiency
•
•
•
Car
bon
Gal
lons
Mile
s
Per
sons
Veh
icle
s
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Carbon/ Energy
P X X X X
Occupancy
• Carpool
•
•
Factor Choices
Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality
Choice Domain• Personal
• Societal
• Eng
Carbon Intensity
•
•
•
VMT, PMT, FTM
•
•
•
Energy Efficiency
•
•
•
Car
bon
Gal
lons
Mile
s
Per
sons
Veh
icle
s
• Personal
•
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Carbon/ Energy
Energy/ Mile
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Carbon/ Energy
Energy/ Mile
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Miles/ Vehicle
Vehicle/ Person
Energy/ Mile
Carbon/ Energy
P X X X X
Occupancy
• Carpool
•
•
Factor choices
Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality
Constraints and Criteria for Choices:Cost
Time
Convenience
Carbon Intensity
•
•
•
VMT, PMT, FTM
•
•
•
Energy Efficiency
•
•
•
Car
bon
Gal
lons
Mile
s
Per
sons
Veh
icle
s
Coal Production and S Content
Significant coal production is in the west with a much lower sulfur concentration, allowing for less sulfur pollution without decreasing consumption.
• The high concentration of sulfur is found in the eastern coal mined in the US.
• Sulfur in Western coal is generally < 1%
Coal Sulfur Flow in 1980 and 1998
In 1980, a major flow of sulfur in coal originated in Illinois and was transported to Florida
Arrows indicate the flow of coal from the mines to the consumer
• By 1990, the transport of high sulfur coal from the Midwest has been replaced by low sulfur western coal
US Coal Production by Region
Coal production in the US occurred over five major producing regions.The coal production over the eastern US has remained roughly constant throughout the century.The sharp increase since the 1980s is due to the addition of western coal.
Trend of Average Coal S Content
The average sulfur content of coal from each region is quite different; Eastern coal is > 1%, western coal is ~0.5 %S.
This average content has remained fairly constant for each region since it is determined by geological factors.
Therefore, the dip in the national average sulfur content must be a direct result of the change in the source of sulfur, ie, more coal from the west is being used.
Sulfur Transfer by Fuels and Minerals: Theory
An understanding of the flow of sulfur is paramount in moving toward sustainability.
Know how much is produce, how much flows to the consumer, and how much makes it to the receptors provides a way to monitor and catch the sulfur before it makes it into the atmosphere, water, soil and etc.