Population - Energy/Goods Consumption– Materials Flow - Emissions

SUV/Truck

Bus

Metro

Electric

Hydrogen/Other

Carbon

PMT Fuels (FM), j Emission (EM), k

Diesel

Car

Pop., P

Gas

ai=1Fraction of PMT

bi

VMT/PMT

cjk

Emission/Fuel-

Passenger Milesdistance# of trips

Activity

Walk/Bike

SUV/Truck

Bus

Metro

Car

Walk/Bike

VMT

cij

Fuel/VMT

Analysis Framework III – Causality LoopEconomic Development with Due Care of the Environment

Health-Welfare

Energy-Env.

Socio-Economic Science & Eng.

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Carbon/ Energy

P X X X X

Occupancy VMT, PMT, FTM Energy Efficiency

Carbon Em Factor

Causality Factor

Transportation Causality Chain:

The need to move people and goods drives the carbon emission trend.

Car

bon

Gal

lons

Mile

s

Per

sons

Veh

icle

s

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Carbon/ Energy

P X X X X

Occupancy

• Carpool

•

•

Causality Factor

Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality

Constraints and Criteria for Choices:Cost

Time

Convenience

Carbon Intensity

•

•

•

VMT, PMT, FTM

•

•

•

Energy Efficiency

•

•

•

Car

bon

Gal

lons

Mile

s

Per

sons

Veh

icle

s

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Carbon/ Energy

P X X X X

Occupancy

• Carpool

•

•

Factor Choices

Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality

Choice Domain• Personal

• Societal

• Eng

Carbon Intensity

•

•

•

VMT, PMT, FTM

•

•

•

Energy Efficiency

•

•

•

Car

bon

Gal

lons

Mile

s

Per

sons

Veh

icle

s

• Personal

•

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Carbon/ Energy

Energy/ Mile

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Carbon/ Energy

Energy/ Mile

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Miles/ Vehicle

Vehicle/ Person

Energy/ Mile

Carbon/ Energy

P X X X X

Occupancy

• Carpool

•

•

Factor choices

Transportation Carbon Footprint Causality

Constraints and Criteria for Choices:Cost

Time

Convenience

Carbon Intensity

•

•

•

VMT, PMT, FTM

•

•

•

Energy Efficiency

•

•

•

Car

bon

Gal

lons

Mile

s

Per

sons

Veh

icle

s

Coal Production and S Content

Significant coal production is in the west with a much lower sulfur concentration, allowing for less sulfur pollution without decreasing consumption.

• The high concentration of sulfur is found in the eastern coal mined in the US.

• Sulfur in Western coal is generally < 1%

Coal Sulfur Flow in 1980 and 1998

In 1980, a major flow of sulfur in coal originated in Illinois and was transported to Florida

Arrows indicate the flow of coal from the mines to the consumer

• By 1990, the transport of high sulfur coal from the Midwest has been replaced by low sulfur western coal

US Coal Production by Region

Coal production in the US occurred over five major producing regions.The coal production over the eastern US has remained roughly constant throughout the century.The sharp increase since the 1980s is due to the addition of western coal.

Trend of Average Coal S Content

The average sulfur content of coal from each region is quite different; Eastern coal is > 1%, western coal is ~0.5 %S.

This average content has remained fairly constant for each region since it is determined by geological factors.

Therefore, the dip in the national average sulfur content must be a direct result of the change in the source of sulfur, ie, more coal from the west is being used.

Sulfur Transfer by Fuels and Minerals: Theory

An understanding of the flow of sulfur is paramount in moving toward sustainability.

Know how much is produce, how much flows to the consumer, and how much makes it to the receptors provides a way to monitor and catch the sulfur before it makes it into the atmosphere, water, soil and etc.