Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
Introduction
Linkage between population growth and development
According to conservative estimates that by 2050 world population will increase to 11 billion form 6 billion.
81 million are added annually to world population
Out of which 4 million each year born in the poor countries of Third World.
Asia and Africa account for 93% (69 million)
Population Growth and Development
Structure of World Population
It is uneven. Asia and Africa bags the lion’s share of (69 million annually)
Latin America and Asia are projected to grow by 70% and 80%
Third World will hold 88% of world population by 2050 as contrasted with 70% in 1950 and 82% in 1980.
Where as population living in former soviet union, Europe and North America has fallen dramatically from 17% to less than 12% of the total.
sources of increase – fertility and migration. Demographic transition.
Population Growth and Development
If population increases, then demand also increase for the basics of life such as food, water, clothing, shelter, education and health.
In 1972 there was 4 billion, out of which 70% was in LDC
I 1990 there was 5 billion, out of which 80% in LDCIn 2020 there will be 8 billion, out of which 90% in
LDCUrbanization
Population Growth and Development
Thomas Robert MalthusPopulation increases in geometric terms
2,4,8,16,32,64Food resources increase in arithmetic increase
2,4,6,8,10,12He also argued that without restraint, the higher
output and living standards, predicted by Adam Smith and other economists would be constrained. Unless there was restraint on the size of families, the outlook was gloomy. There would be famine, wars and pestilence until the situation is righted itself.
Population Growth and Development
Though Victorian England had population growth, it was not that impact due the fact that Victorian government made heavy investment in social capital (towns, cities, roads and houses) and industrial capital (factories and machinery)
Technological innovation and improved techniques in agriculture, especially American farmer who provided industrialized world with exports available, proved Malthus theory wrong.
Case for population growth: pro-natalist economists called people as much natural source as other factors of production. Therefore people are not hindrance in the growth. US - huddled masses Australia subsidized immigration
Population Growth and Development
Easter Boser up
She argues that population growth and increased pressure on national resources, notably land are decisive precondition for technological innovation and hence for productivity improvement in agriculture.
Further, she argues that increased population growth and increased population density acts as dynamic and development promoting factors.
Population pressures prompts farmers to adopt progressively more of land utilization
According her findings where population pressures did not occur, as in parts of Africa, productivity remained low.
Population Growth and Development
Julian Simon. He too saw positive co-relationship between Economic
Development and Population Growth. He reached a conclusion that rate of growth in
productivity is higher than population growth.
Population Growth and Development
John Cladwell- Australian Demographer – presented different perspectives. Wealth flow Solution: Mass Education
Population Growth and Development
Dependency Ratio The size of population depends on three variables –
birth rate, the death rate and migration Death rates are falling due to the medical and dietary
improvements and better living conditions. Education and availability of contraceptives are also
affecting the average size of family Also employment which has reduced the period of
fertility. Population also results in an increase in the dependency
ration, i-e, the ratio of dependant to working peopleIn LDC dependency ratio is around 40%
Population Growth and Development
Social attitude One of the reason of the population growth is that
children are seen a ‘form of security for old age’Provision of welfare can reduce people
needs for children. Population control
Contraceptive - Ordinary Sterilization - India Child infanticide - China
Population Growth and Development
Other perspective – Lappe Shurman.
Poverty and insecurity contributes towards high fertility level They attribute poverty and population growth as a result of uneven
distribution of power within household and society. Bringing children into world can be seen as defensive mechanism
against repressive power structure. Aggregate socio-economic development, modernization and
urbanization are not by themselves sufficient to bring about fertility decline.
Solution lies in empowering poor (political question) They suggest, they be given better earning opportunities, primary
health care service and old age care.
Population Growth and Development
Demand for children in Developing countryAccording to Kuznets “the LDC’s are prolific because under their economic and social conditions large proportions of the population see their economic and social interests in more children as a supply of family labour ........... and as a matter of economic and social security........ in non protecting society.
Population Growth and Development
Education of girls can serve as some kind of check.
Consequences of Population Growth Low living standard Underdevelopment
Population Growth and Development
According to dependency theorist1. The problem is not population but other issues2. Population is a false issue deliberately created by
dominant rich countries and their affiliated agencies and institutions to keep LDC’s in their underdeveloped conditions.
3. for many developing countries and regions population is in fact desirable.
Other issues Underdevelopment. World Resource Depletion and Environmental pollution. Population distribution
Population Growth and Development
Subordination of women. rigid socio-economic structures. unfair distribution of resources denial to have access to education and other
productive assets.
Population Growth and Development
Seven negative consequences of population growth. Economic growth Poverty and inequality Education Health food Environment International migration
Population Growth and Development
Policy approach Stated can design policies in way influencing and
controlling their population growth and distribution.
Promote equitable distribution of the benefits of global economic progress.
International assistance to overcome the problems of population growth.
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development
Population Growth and Development
conclusion
Population Growth and Development