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Page 1: Post-translational Modifications of Amino Acids · PDF filePost-translational Modifications of Amino Acids Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation,

Post-translational Modifications of Amino AcidsPost-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and others are critical regulators of protein activity and function. Understanding the role of PTMs in disease states is an ongoing effort towards the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics.

For Research Use Only. Not For Use In Diagnostic Procedures. © 2015 Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. Cell Signaling Technology and CST are trademarks of Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.

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Threonine (T)AcetylationMethylationO-linked GlycosylationPalmitoylationPhosphorylationSulfation

Alanine (A)AcetylationMethylationO-linked Glycosylation

Valine (V)AcetylationHydroxylation

Tryptophan (W)HydroxylationMethylationPrenylationUbiquitylation

Tyrosine (Y)Acetylation HydroxylationNitrationO-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylationSulfation

Cysteine (C)Acetylation ADP-ribosylationMethylationNitrationOxidationPalmitoylation Prenylation S-nitrosylation

Aspartic Acid (D)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Glutamic Acid (E)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Lysine (K)Acetylation HydroxylationMethylationMyristoylationN-linked GlycosylationNeddylationO-linked GlycosylationPalmitoylationSumoylationUbiquitylation

Methionine (M)Acetylation FormylationMethylationOxidationUbiquitylation

Asparagine (N)Acetylation ADP-ribosylationCitrullinationHydroxylationMethylationN-linked Glycosylation

Proline (P)Acetylation HydroxylationMethylationO-linked Glycosylation

Glutamine (Q)Methylation

Arginine (R)AcetylationADP-ribosylationCitrullinationHydroxylationMethylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Serine (S)AcetylationMethylationN-linked GlycosylationO-linked GlycosylationPalmitoylationPhosphorylationPrenylationSulfation

Leucine (L)HydroxylationMethylation

Phenylalanine (F)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Glycine (G)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Histidine (H)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

Isoleucine (I)Acetylation Caspase cleavageHydroxylationN-linked GlycosylationPhosphorylation

AMINO ACIDS

MODIFICATION A C D E F G H I K L M N P Q R S T V W Y

Acetylation

ADP-ribosylation

Caspase cleavage

Citrullination

Formylation

Hydroxylation

Methylation

Myristoylation

N-linked Glycosylation

Neddylation

Nitration

O-linked Glycosylation

Oxidation

Palmitoylation

Phosphorylation >150000

Prenylation

S-nitrosylation

Sulfation

Sumoylation

Ubiquitylation

<100 100 ≤500 1000 ≤5000 10000

KEY

Distribution of post-translational modifications across amino acids

Abundance of post-translation modifications for each amino acid

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