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Prehistoric IndiansMrs. Green
Saraland Elementary 4th GradeChapter1 Lesson 2
Originally Created by Mr. HemmertRobertsdale Elementary
Fourth Grade
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ALCOS• 2. Describe cultures, governments, and economies
of prehistoric and historic Native Americans in Alabama.
• Examples: prehistoric Native Americans—Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian; historic Native Americans—Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek
• 2.1 Identifying locations of prehistoric and historic Native Americans in Alabama.
• 2.2 Describing types of prehistoric life in Alabama.• Examples: plants, animals, people
• 2.3 Identifying roles of archaeologists and paleontologists.
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Important Vocabulary• Geographers (geography)– scientists who
study the land and how it affects the people who live on it
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Important Vocabulary• Migration– moving from one region to
another.
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Important Vocabulary• prehistoric– time before history was
recorded (written down). This does not mean before history.
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Important Vocabulary• archaeologist – scientist who studies tools
and other items left behind by past generations to learn about how they lived
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Important Vocabulary• Inhabitants – people who live in a
particular place
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Important Vocabulary • Petroglyphs – rock carvings
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Important Vocabulary• Middens – garbage dumps used by Archaic
Indians
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Introduction• Anthropologists and archaeologists
tell us that there were four distinct Indian cultures during the prehistoric period in Alabama.
• These four groups are: Paleo Indians, Archaic Indians, Woodland Indians, Mississippian Indians
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Paleo Indians• The Paleo Indians moved into Alabama about
12,000 years ago while following herds of now-extinct food animals.
• They were hunters and gatherers.
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Paleo Indians - Shelters• Where did the Paleo Indians live? • The Paleo Indians looked for shelter that
was both safe and close to food sources. • They made camps beneath rock overhangs
and caves. • One camp site was at Russell Cave in
Jackson County in the northeastern corner of the state. A second is at Dust Cave in the cliffs overlooking the Tennessee Rive in northwestern Alabama.
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Paleo Indians – Russell Cave
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Paleo Indians - Shelter
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Paleo Indians - Foods• What did the Paleo Indians eat? • Small family groups of bands of these
early people cooperated to hunt game and to gather wild plant foods like berries and nuts from the forest.
• The Paleo Indians hunted large prehistoric animals like mastodons and woolly mammoths.
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Paleo Indians - Tools• Paleo Indians sharpened stones into spear
points and scrapers. • Most of the objects that the Paleo Indians
used may not be known because only stone objects can survive long enough to be found by archaeologists after hundreds of thousands of years.
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Paleo Indians - Art• The Paleo Indians were excellent artists. • In some parts of north Alabama
archaeologists have found petroglyphs carved into rocks.
• These ancient symbols offer clues about religious beliefs of the state’s original inhabitants.
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Paleo Indians - Petroglyphs
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Paleo Indians - Petroglyphs
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Paleo Indians - Petroglyphs
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Paleo Indians - Petroglyphs
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The Archaic Indians• The Archaic Indians lived in Alabama
10,000 – 3,500 years ago. • The changes of the Paleo period meant
that although the Archaic people were still hunters and gatherers, they made use of other resources too.
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Archaic Indians - Shelter• The Archaic Indians lived near rivers
during the summer. During the winter, they lived near forests.
• Archaic Indians lived near rivers during the summer because they used fish and shellfish as a food source.
• In the winter time, they would move to the forest to collect nuts and to hunt game.
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Archaic Indians - Middens• Middens are garbage dumps used by
Archaic Indians. • Archeologists have learned about what the
Archaic Indians ate by studying these garbage dumps. They noticed many muscle shells.
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Archaic Indians - Tools• Archaic people developed many tools that made life easier. • They used the atlatl, or a throwing stick, for hunting. • The atlatl is shaped like a jointed spear tipped with a stone
weight and a hook, the atlatl allowed a hunter to aim much better and throw much farther. The atlatl improved hunting.
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The Archaic Indians – Art• Archaic period people made bowls and
other items from stone.
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Woodland Indians• The Woodland period in Alabama was
characterized by increasing cultural complexity and population growth and began about 1000 BC and lasted until about AD 1000.
• The Woodland period started about 3,000 to 2,000 years ago.
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Woodland Indians - Shelter• Woodland people tended to live in small
villages, perhaps in deer-hide tents. • They stayed in one place for at least a
season.
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Woodland Indians – Hunting and Farming• The Woodland Indians were excellent hunters and farmers. • The Woodland Indians invented the bow and arrow which
improved their hunting abilities.• With both farming and hunting, the Woodland Indians had a
more dependable and healthier diet than their predecessors. As a result, their population increased.
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Woodland Indians - Diet• Some of the foods that the Woodland
Indians ate were: • Maize (corn), squash, and beans, nuts, wild
animals, and other wild foods.
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Woodland Indians - Art• The Woodland Indians were also excellent
artists. Archaeologists have found numerous forms of pottery from the Woodland period.
• Using clay that they eventually mixed with a temper (crushed limestone or other material that made the clay stronger), they shaped bowls and other containers by hand.
• They made bowls, containers, cooking utensils, effigies, and hunting tools.
• Turn to page 16 and 17 to see some of the pottery that the Woodland Indians made.
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Woodland Indians – Burial Mounds• In many of the Woodland Indian sites in Alabama,
archaeologists have found many dome-shaped burial mounds.
• In these burial mounds, archaeologists have found remains of individuals buried with grade goods such as bowls, spear points, jewelry made from shell or bone, and other special objects.
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Woodland Indians – Society • In the Archaic period, people seemed to be
equals in society. During the Woodland period, society was becoming more complex as more people lived close together for longer periods of time.
• Leaders began to take charge, and burials show that some people were more important than others.
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Summary
Group Time Period
Shelter
Foods Tools
Paleo 12,000 years ago Caves Nuts, berries, animals
Prehistoric animals
Stone tools
Archaic 10,000 – 3,500 years ago
Moved around according to the season
Freshwater musslesFishOystersNutsmeat
Atlatl Shell middens Made bowls from stonespears
Woodland 3,000 – 2,000 years ago
Lived in small villagesDeer-hide tents
Raised corn, squash, and beansMeatberries
Bow and arrowMade pottery from clay
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Review Time• 1. Scientists who study the land and how it
affects the people who live on it are called ______________.a. archaeologistsb. geographersc. geologistsd. paleontologists
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Question 1 Answer• b. geographers
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Question 2• Scientists who study past cultures by
looking at their weapons, tools, buildings, and other remains are called _______________. a. geographersb. paleontologistsc. archeologistsd. geologists
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Question 2 Answer• c. archeologists
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Review Question 3• Where did Paleo Indians sometimes
make their home? a. Caves and/or rock overhangsb. housesc. Mrs. Green’s classroomd. tents
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Question 3 Answer• A. They made their homes beneath rock
overhangs and in caves. They wanted to be safe and close to food sources.
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Review Question 4• What did Paleo Indians hunt?
a. elk and deerb. fishc. prehistoric animals such as mastodons
and woolly mammothsd. Cheese burgers
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Question 4 Answer• C. Paleo Indians hunted large prehistoric
(now extinct) animals such as the woolly mammoth and mastodons.
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Review Question 5• The ___________ was a throwing stick used
by the Archaic Indians.
• Atlatl
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Review Question 6• The _____________ Indians made bowls and
other items from stone.a. Archaicb. Woodlandc. Paleo
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Question 6 Answer• a. Archaic Indians
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Question 7• The bow and arrow was first used by the
___________ Indians. a. Archaicb. Woodlandc. Paleo
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Question 7 Answer• b. Woodland Indians
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Question 8• People who live in a particular place are
called ____________. a. inhabitantsb. prehistoricc. middensd. migration
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Question 8 Answer• a. inhabitants
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Question 9 • The study of prehistoric life is called
_________. a. paleontologistsb. geologistsc. archaeologistsd. geographers
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Question 9 Answer• a. paleontologists
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Review Questions1. What do geographers study?2. Where did Paleo Indians sometimes make
their home? Why?3. What did Paleo Indians hunt?4. What is an atlatl?5. What purposes did clay pots serve?
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Review Questions (Answers)1. Geographers study the way land influences
cultures and societies and tell us about how people interact with the land.
2. Paleo Indians sometimes made their home beneath rock overhangs and in caves because it would be both safe and close to food sources.
3. Paleo Indians hunted large prehistoric animals like mastadons and woolly mammoths.
4. An atlatl is a throwing stick shaped like a jointed spear tipped with a stone weight and a hook.
5. Clay pots served a purpose because they could hold liquids, cook food, and store food for the winter months.
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Conclusion• Think, Pair, Share: Turn and talk to your
neighbor about something you have learned today. You will each have one minute to share.
• Tomorrow, we will learn about the Mississippian period.