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PRIVATE SECTOR ISSUES
Chapter Five: Premise Security
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime In 2005 the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
published by the FBI indicated that there were approximately 10 million serious property crimes:2 million burglaries6.6 million larcenies/thefts1.12 million motor vehicle thefts
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime The UCR’s Crime Clock indicates that, on average,
there is one serious property crime committed every 3.2 seconds:1 burglary every 14.5 seconds1 larceny/theft every 4.8 seconds1 motor vehicle theft every 28.8 seconds
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime The UCR’s arrest statistics show:
300,000 arrests for burglary 1.15 million arrests for larceny/theft 16,000 arrests for arson280,000 for vandalism134,000 for receiving, buying or possessing
stolen property
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime The Economic Cost:
$20 million is lost by victims of burglary, motor vehicle theft and personal thefts
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime The Business Cost:
BankruptcyBusiness failureIncreased cost of insuranceLoss of profitReduced productivityHigher overhead
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime The Personal Cost:
Physical and emotional injuries victims suffer The Social Cost:
InvestigatingProsecutingIncarcerating
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Property and Premise Crime
Property and Premise Crime Because of the work of Private police and security
guards burglaries have declined in the past 30 years
Individuals have installed burglar alarms, better locks, steel bars, stronger doors, security glass…
People in general are less likely to keep cash in their homes, since most people have resorted to credit and bank cards
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The Police, Private Security and Property Crime
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The Police, Private Security & Property Crime The Police
Try to be omnipresent (everywhere at once)Provide a sense of securityMake arrests
Respond to calls for service Investigate crimesBut the police are limited in personnel and
jurisdiction
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The Police, Private Security and Property Crime
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The Police, Private Security & Property Crime Private Security
Private Security attempts to fill this gap left by the police
Private Security:Prevents crimes from occurringDetects crimes when they occurInvestigates crimes when they occur Apprehend criminals when the commit crimes
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Residential Locations11
Neighborhoods Citizens are concerned about crime and have taken
measures to isolate or protect themselves against it in their neighborhoods
The police patrol residential areas and look for suspicious persons and other conditions that may indicate that a crime is or may be in progress (proactive policing)
The police respond to calls for assistance (reactive polilcing)
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Residential Locations12
Neighborhoods The Broken Windows Theory
The “Broken Windows” theory states unrepaired broken windows or disrepair indicate that members of a community do not care about the quality of the life in their neighborhood; consequently, disorder and crime will thrive
Disorder in neighborhoods create fearCertain neighborhoods send out signals that
encourage crime
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Residential Locations13
Neighborhoods Skogan identified two major categories of disorder
that affect the quality of life in the community:Human Physical Disorder:
Public drinkingCorner gangsStreet harassmentDrugNoisy neighborsCommercial sex
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Residential Locations14
Neighborhoods Skogan identified two major categories of disorder
that affect the quality of life in the community:Physical Disorder:
VandalismDilapidationAbandonmentRubbish
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Residential Locations15
Neighborhoods Community Policing
“Community Policing” is the police efforts at maintaining order and delivering services in a proactive relationship with the community instead of just reacting and responding to each incident that they are summoned to by a 911 call
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Residential Locations16
Neighborhoods Community Policing
The police have turned to the public and business communities for their support and active participation in programs to make the streets safer and the quality of life better
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Residential Locations17
Neighborhoods Community Policing
Community Crime Prevention ProgramsNeighborhood WatchCrime WatchBlock WatchCommunity AlertCitizen Patrol
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Residential Locations18
Neighborhoods Business Improvement District
The “Business Improvement District” concept involves the combined efforts of the business community and the private security industry with the cooperation of the police
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Residential Locations19
Private Residences We have all heard the saying “A man’s home is his
castle” People build fences, erect walls and plant shrubs to
define their property and to protect them People also spend large amounts of money on
outdoor lighting, locks and burglar alarms to protect their property
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Residential Locations20
Private Residences Some Statistics
60% of household burglaries occur during the daytime hours when houses are most often unoccupied
87% were male63% were under 25 years old
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Residential Locations21
Private Residences Some recommendations to decrease burglaries:
Install alarm systemsImplement Neighborhood Watch ProgramsImprove the visibility of houses
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Residential Locations22
Private Residences Some other attempts to decrease burglaries:
Some have built “Gated Communities” and posted security officers at the entrance
Some apartments and condominiums have access cards, video surveillance (with real time text insertion) and security officers
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Residential Locations23
Public Housing Developments The Journal of Security Administration
Crime on properties controlled by public housing creates special problems
The problems result from a combination of factors:
High density of populationPoverty Lack of adequate resources to combat
criminal activity
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Residential Locations24
Public Housing Developments The Journal of Security Administration
This leads to other problemsIllegal drug useProstitutionBurglaryAssaultsCriminal mischief and vandalism
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Residential Locations25
Public Housing Developments Police patrol these housing units, but:
Their resources are limited They can’t maintain a continued presence (they
must serve the entire community) Public Housing Development falls under the control
of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, which contracts with security firms to provide security (proprietary forces with police powers) in these developments
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Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities26
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Some of the major security problems facing
hospitals and healthcare facilities are:The protection and safety of patients and
employeesOrder maintenancePrevention of thefts, fraud and internal employee
theft
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Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities27
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Hospital security staff are responsible for
preventing unauthorized persons from entering the facility or patients’ room (visitor control)
Security problems are often encountered in the hospital’s emergency room due to unruly, disruptive, emotionally disturbed and intexicated patients and visitors
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Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities28
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities To accomplish this task, hospitals and healthcare
facilities generally use both proprietary security and contract security agencies Alarms, access control, video surveillance,
uniformed security personnel…Uniformed security presence at hospital
entrancesBadge control for employees and visitor’s pass
system
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Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities29
Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities Particular attention is given to areas where
medications are stored Three measures are usually useful to help decrease
loss and thefts of drugs at a hospital or healthcare facilityInternal reporting and monitoringInvestigationsEmployee education
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Government Buildings & Facilities30
Government Buildings & Facilities Federal buildings are operated and managed by the
General Services Administration Since 9/11 the Federal Protective Service of the
Department of Homeland Security has guarded these buildings
It oversees over 10,000 armed private contract security guards
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Government Buildings & Facilities31
Government Buildings & Facilities The U.S. Capitol and its grounds, including
numerous buildings, parks and thoroughfares are protected by the U.S. Capitol PoliceTraffic checkpointsHorse patrol for crowd controlProvide security for members of Congress and
their families
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Educational Facilities32
Colleges College campus security officers engage in a wide
variety of tasks:Investigation of serious crimesEnforcement of parking regulationsAlarm monitoringBuilding lockupPersonal safety escortsTraffic enforcement
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Educational Facilities33
Colleges College campus security officers engage in a wide
variety of tasks:Investigation of serious crimesEnforcement of parking regulationsAlarm monitoringBuilding lockupPersonal safety escortsTraffic enforcementNotification of campus emergencies
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Educational Facilities34
Colleges The federal Clery Act mandates that colleges and
universities that receive federal funds must report crime data to inform the public about crimes on campus
This is mandated for accountability
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Educational Facilities35
Secondary and Elementary Schools These institutions focus on:
Order MaintenanceStudent SafetyAccess ControlCrime Control and PreventionVandalism
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Houses of Worship & Cemeteries36
Houses of Worship & Cemeteries Churches, synagogues, temples, mosques and other
places of worship and cemeteries can be the targeted location for burglaries, vandalism, arson, theft and many other crimes
Read about the “Arson Prevention for America’s Churches and Synagogues” page 128
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Transportation37
Airports The major threats to airports and airlines are:
TerrorismSkyjackingSmugglingAir Cargo TheftAccess ControlProperty and Facility ProtectionCrowd ControlOrder Maintenance
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Transportation38
Airports In the 1960s numerous incidents of skyjacking led to
a national panic In 1973, after an increase of hijackings, “Security
Screening Points” or “Checkpoints” were set up in all U.S. airports under the control of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and were guarded by armed police officers
In 1978, armed police officers at the security checkpoints were discontinued (brutalization effect)
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Transportation39
Airports But many of these checkpoints were ineffective:
Screeners missed weaponsInattention to terrorist profiles
One way ticketsBuying tickets with cash
Planes were left unattended and unlockedThe most common problem was “Piggybacking”
as a method to access restricted areas
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Transportation40
Airports But many of these checkpoints were ineffective:
Not following access control procedures to certain areas of the airport
Poor security training programsLoopholes in the personnel screening
No background checksNo fingerprintsAllowed felons to get security jobs
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Transportation41
Airports As a result of 9/11, President Bush signed the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act:Created the “Transportation Security
Administration” (TSA) to protect the nation’s transportation system and ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce
TSA now screens passengers at airports which used to be performed by FAA
Now, under Department of Homeland Security
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Transportation42
Airports As a result of 9/11, President Bush signed the
Aviation and Transportation Security Act:Expanded the Federal Air Marshals ProgramCreated the position of Federal Airport Security
Director who would be directly responsible for security at airports
New procedures for screening passengersAbout 15% of the 2 million passengers are
chosen for secondary screening
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Transportation43
Airports There are three major security operations that have
been instituted at airports to guard against passengers carrying explosives, weapons and contraband:Access ControlProfilingExplosive Detection
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Transportation44
Ports, Cargo Depots and Trucks The major security problems for ports, cargo
companies, depots and trucking firms are:TerrorismCargo TheftHijackingEmployee Theft
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Transportation45
Ports, Cargo Depots and Trucks 95% of all international commerce enters the U.S.
through its roughly 360 public and private ports80% of the trade moves through only 10 ports
Los AngelesLong BeachOaklandNew York
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Transportation46
Parking Lots and Garages The major security problems at parking lots and
garages:AssaultsRobberiesPersonal TheftsThefts from AutosThefts of Autos
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Transportation47
Parking Lots and Garages Parking facilities underneath buildings also create
opportunities for terrorists:The World Trade Center in NYC was attacked in
1993 when a terrorist placed a bomb in the parking garage underneath the World Trade Center
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Transportation48
Parking Lots and Garages Parking lot and garage security includes
LightingPerimeter FencingCall StationsElectronic Video SurveillanceAccess ControlPatrolsAwareness Training