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Hong Kong University Polytechnic
14 June 2011
Prof. Derek Clements-CroomeThe University of Readingwww.derekcroome.com
Sustainable Intelligent Buildings
for People
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IntegrationSustainability adds Value PeopleProcessesInnovationProducts (Systems)Case StudiesRecommendations
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Occupant
Observer / passer by
External environment
Building
Internal environment
Buildings, Environment & People
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Integration
People
Product(System
s)
Process
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Effective integration
ensures processes and
products (systems) work effectively for
people.
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Principles of Integrated System Design
the brief; the need for well structured
procedures; the importance of human and social
criteria; effective team working all driven by
holistic and creative thinking
Elliot (2009) and The Royal Academy of Engineering
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Technology and Integration
design and installation; commissioning andpost-occupancy evaluation; operation and maintenance;up- grading technology.
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Barriers to Systems Integration
speed of innovation; technology becomes outdated quickly;
interoperability across systems; and
the operational availability of the systems; reliability is vital if expensive downtime is to be avoided.
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Integrated Open Systems Approach
gives annual life cycle costs of 57p/m2, compared with 90p/m2 for a traditional approach because of
lower operating costs due to faster maintenance and upgrades
Whole life cycle costs saving 4.5%
Report for the Converged Building Technologies Group by Bowen (2005)
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Effective IntegrationDocumentary evidence on integrated
processes; Proven and tested processes to be
adapted and used on other similar projects;
Auditing and monitoring processes; a Unity of Vision between consultants,
contractors, manufacturers and facilities managers.
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The 5 C’s help to achieve the 5 E’s:
Communication
ConsultationCooperationCoordination+Creativity
EffectivenessEfficiencyEfficacyEconomy+Expresssion
Integration
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The Systems Integrator ensures all the stakeholders are integrated into the project, and needs the following skills:
experience of how systems can be integrated;
an ability to think strategically and innovatively across disciplines; logistic skills;
good leadership and communication skills.
The choice of a systems integrator dependson these skills rather than disciplines.
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Sustainable Design Adds Value
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Sustainability Risk or Opportunity?
Can you afford to be sustainable?– (Perceived) higher build cost
Can you afford not to be sustainable?– Taxes– Penalties– Rising prices– A changing environment– Occupier awareness– Increasing legislation– Shareholder pressure– New investment opportunities– Capital value - ‘two tier market’
Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle
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LEED Rated Buildings
cost 6% more to build; have occupancy rates over 4%
higher;command 2-6% higher rents; save 10-50% in energy
consumption;decreased operating costs; increased building value 10% in
2008 Hirigoyen (2009) ;Bernstein and Russo (2010)
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Perceived Business Benefits of Green Building Increasing
Expected Increase by Building Owners
2005 2008
Decreased Operating Cost 8.9% 13.6% 5%+ (3 years)
Increased Building Values 7.5% 10.9% 11
Improvement in ROI 6.6% 9.9% 5%+ (3 years)
Increased Occupancy 3.5% 6.4% 11% (1 year)
Rent Rise 3.0% 6.1%
Capital Cost Increase - -
Bernstein H and Russo M, 2009. McGraw Hill Construction
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Do Green Buildings Really Cost More?
Capital E Group and Lawrence Berkeley
studied 100 green buildings concluded:
LEED rated green buildings have $60/sqft financial benefits
more than 10x benefit of additional construction cost (energy/water/productivity/health)
Sarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects
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sick building syndrome overheated, under-ventilated, artificial
lighting high energy use - expensive increased requirement for agency staff less money to spend on front-line lower patient satisfaction
This costs the NHS billions
Outcomes of Poor Environments
Sarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects
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Smart BenefitsReduced energy consumptionLower utility billsLower emissions Lower capital costs from
increased equipment lifeDecreased unplanned downtimeLower risk of equipment failureReduction in overtime labour
costs e on 2010
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Empire State Building
The plan is to: reduce energy consumption by
38%;achieve annual savings of $4.4
m; reduce carbon emissions by
105,000 metric tons over 15 years;
project completion in 2 years.Hirigoyen (2009)
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Empire State Building
Cost $13.2 million with payback in 3 yrs - through energy & operational savings
Serve as a global model for owners of existing buildings
Hirigoyen J., 2009, Trends in responsible property, Jones Lang LaSalle
Integrated Sustainability Refurbishment Programme
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PEOPLE
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Environmental Design Affects
Well-Being of People
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www.t-mac.co.uk [email protected]
What drives human behaviour ?
• Consumerism = more demand on our working conditions
• Fashion/popular culture
• Rise of the comfort expectations
Integrating Human Behaviour with Buildings
and Systems Performance
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www.t-mac.co.uk [email protected]
Building users now IT literate and demand local control but can:
• change control strategies by overriding local
controllers
• let a/c run at the same time as heating• forget to change time-clocks for day light saving or bank holidays
• prop windows and doors open• run industrial machinery inefficiently
Integrating Human Behaviour with Buildings
and Systems Performance
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Low carbon buildings can be unsustainable if the human needs are neglected
Healthier buildings are automatically low carbon
but not all low carbon buildings are healthy workplaces
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Overheated buildings are wasteful, uncomfortable and lower productivity
Each deg C rise is about 8% in energy terms in UK
Air Quality and Temperature Equally Important
Emphasise Well-being and Freshness rather than Comfort
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Improved People Performance in Green
Buildings? Sickness Absence is reduced Natural light and ventilation increase
accuracy, concentration .health and well-being ,happiness, attitudes...
Productivity gains of up to 6-16% often cited
Journal Property Management /Rocky Mountain Institute/Pennsylvania Power and LightSarah Daly, 2010, Heath Avery Architects
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Saves Energy
Care of People
Leaner and FresherEnvironments
Greener
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Environments Conducive to Health and Well-being
A fresh thermal environment
Ventilation rates to provide fresh air with good distribution and acceptable levels of CO2
Good natural lighting
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Minimal lighting glare from within and external to the space
Spatial planning and settings to suit various types of working
Ergonomic work places so as to minimise muscular-skeletal disorders
Minimum pollution from external sources including noise
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Does Environment Affect Learning ?
Learning in primary school children is affected by CO2 levels
78% of head teachers think there is a clear link between the quality of school design and levels of pupil attainment
Williams (2005) reported a similar conclusion for 12 primary schools assessed using the Building Quality Assessment method.
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Mean CO2 concentrations (±SD) according to the experimental conditions during the computerized performance tests in16 classrooms at 8 schools
* For Schools 1-3 no recirculation was made; the low ventilation condition was obtained by leaving the
windows in closed position
Bakó-Biró Z, Kochhar N, Clements-Croome D J., et al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools and Pupil’s Performance Using Computerised Assessment Test, Indoor Air Copenhagen
Research at University of Reading
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Effect of Ventilation on Pupil Performance and
Learning
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
Simple RT Choice RT Col Word Vig.
Picture memory
Word recognition
Re
lati
ve
Pe
rfo
rma
nce
Re-circulated Air Fresh Air Supply
215 - 230 pupils
Clements-Croome DJ. Bako-Biro Z at al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools Report
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Ventilation Rate vs. Relative Performance
10 classes
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
0 2 4 6 8 10
Re
lati
ve P
erf
orm
ance
L/s per person
Simp_RT
Choice_RT
Colour_Wd
Pic_Mem
Word_Rec
Clements-Croome DJ. Bako-Biro Z at al., 2008, Ventilation Rates in Schools Report
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A ‘slightly fresh’ environment as judged on a seven point scale very stale(-3) to very fresh (+3) by a sample of 228 UK office workers in 23 offices required a fresh air rate of 2.2 l/s per person at 20C, 6.3 at 25C .
Environments judged as ‘fairly’ to ‘very fresh ‘would need higher amounts of fresh air as would spaces with higher occupation densities such as schools or auditoria.
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Fresh Air Requirements FA ( l/s per person) and Air
Temperature Ta (deg C) for Slightly Fresh Environments
Ln(FA) = 0.2085 Ta -- 3.37
with air temperature range 21.5---25.5C, 44--60% relative humidity for 10% people dissatisfied
Clements-Croome (1996 and 2008)
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Benchmarking Quality of Buildings and Educational
Achievements in Kent Primary Schools
Low High
HighB
QA
Sco
re
Educational Achievement Williams, 2005
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Whole Life Value Cost Ratios
Design & Construction (X)
Facilities Management (Y)
Utilisation (Z)
Z >> Y > X e.g. 80 : 8 : 1
Wu & Clements-Croome, 2004
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PROCESSES
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How to Design for the Senses
Protopapas, Polyvios, 2011, CEMIB2 Assignment 1
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Soft Landings Framework
Stage 1 Inception and briefing
Stage 2 Design development and review
Stage 3 Pre-handover
Stage 4 Initial aftercare
Stage 5 Years 1-3 Extended aftercare and POE
Soft Landings Framework, BSRIA BG 4/2009The
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the connectivity of the supply chain processes from brief to disposal;
sustainability, using BREEAM or another sustainability assessment tool at each phase of the building life cycle; and
Whole-life Business Model Represents the Whole-life
to attain Sustainable Performance
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function, performance and value, using Building Quality Assessment and the Design Quality Indicator for example, to make a quality assessment and
post occupancy evaluation so
that long term feedback is obtained by measuring factors which relate to the occupant, the systems and the building.
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INNOVATION
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Source: Joseph Jacobsen, Organizational and Individual Innovation Diffusion Global Innovation Outlook 2004, IBM, p.6
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School bus in India
School bus in Japan
School bus in Japan
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Technology Hype Cycle
Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle
New technologies are over hyped by the media and businesses.
A hype cycle is a graphic representation of the maturity, adoption and business application of specific technologies.
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Pressures of Climate Change
Increasing CO2 levels
Increasing World Population
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Estimated economic mitigation potential by sector and region using technologies and practices expected to be available in 2030. The potentials do not include non-technical options such as lifestyle changes
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007
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The power of the sun, 2010, Sullzer Technical Review,1 page 20
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Technology Map 2007 onwards
UK Input into the Research Agenda for the E2B European Initiative, 17th March 2009 Marta Fernandez. Arup
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Phovoltaic Solar CellsSource Cost
($ per kWh)
Solar PV WindNatural Gas
0.30 (current) 0.02 (25 years) 0.05 0.03
Generation Characteristic
First
Second
Third
Single crystal of silicon 18% efficiency
Silicon thin films Other components such as cadmium telluride < 18% efficiency
Quantum dot or nano crystals Efficiency 48% Quantum –well solar cell and Dye sanitised solar cell
Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7
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Solar Charging Clothing
Portable solar chargers like the U-Powered solar charger from Kiwi Choice are a handy way to keep mobile devices like smartphones, cameras and media players topped up with electricity while on the go. GO Solar Power comprises a range of clothing items that feature pockets to house solar panels to charge up mobile electronic devices.
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Liquid Foam Makes for Smarter Greenhouses
Canadian company Sunarc has a developed a new liquid foam shading system that mimics cloud cover to automatically shade greenhouses. As the liquid foam filters the sunlight, it reduces solar radiation and controls temperature, but doesn’t deprive the plants of vital light spectra they require for photosynthesis.
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Streetlight Trees
Taiwanese scientists have created trees that could function as streetlights. They infused the leaves of Bacopa Caroliniana with gold nanoparticles which causes the chlorophyll to produce a reddish luminescence.
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Bacteria Heal Cracks in Walls
Researchers have designed bacteria that can produce a special glue to knit together cracks in concrete structures.
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Fujitsu Converts Heat and Light into Electricity with a Single
Device
Fujitsu Laboratories today announced a two-in-one energy harvesting device that can convert both light and heat into electricity. With no electrical wiring or batteries to replace, Fujitsu says that this sort of device can be manufactured from organic materials keeping costs to a minimum
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3D-Printed Sand Microclimates to Cool Public Places
Taking a leaf from traditional Islamic architecture that dealt with the harsh desert climate with Mashrabiyas – a projecting latticework window that provides shade from the hot sun while allowing cool air from the street to flow through – London-based design firm PostlerFeruson has designed a kind of three dimensional Mashrabiya that can cool the immediate area in an energy-free way
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Nanotechnology and
New Materials
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Intelligent facades Self Cleaning concrete Self Healing concrete Low carbon concrete (Novacem) Lightweight stronger concrete with
nanotubes Plastic electronics Low energy lighting
Some Developments
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Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.
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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses
Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,
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UltraSmallSolarCell
Plastic Solar Cell
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Bio-inspired Architecture
Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading
Longitudinal section through the nest of Macroternes bellicosus from Ivory Coast. Air is circulated by buoyancy.
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Drawings above show the architectural images of the envisioned structure.
Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010
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- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the moth. - Microscopic view of a schematic membrane with impregnations on its outer surface created for increasing its exposed surface area.
Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010
A cross sectional sketch of the proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane absorbing sunrays from all directions.
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Fibre optic sensor embedded in composite structural element
Gilder, J., Clements-Croome .D. J., 201, Bio inspired Intelligent Design for the Future of Buildings CIB World Congress May 2010
A virtual analysis of the model for this project showing the encapsulated routings of the heating and cooling network within the base material of
the structure.
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SENSORY WORLD
Embedded Sensors in Buildings, Equipment and
Clothing
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BSN architecture with wirelessly linked context-aware “on body” (external) sensors and integration with home, working, and hospital environments.
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Occupants lifestyle affect energy consumption
Embedded sensors help increase occupant’s awareness and help them to save money and society save energy
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Systems Performance and
Human ReactionBuilding and Environmental Systems
People
Physiological Judgement(Sense diary)
Objective Data
Comparator
Profiling Differences
Facilities Management System
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+ TEMPERATURE -
+ LIGHT -
+ SOUND -
+ AIR QUALITY -
AUTOMATIC
DAY
HOUR
MINUTES
Programming Automatic Manual10:38 24oC 22oC
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
TEMPERATURE AIR QUALITY
LIGHT SOUND
Automatic
Thu
Touch sense mode for recording judgement
For setting thetime and date
To select the automatic mode
Day of the weekTouch display
The actual room condition
Room conditionSense Mode
Time, and date record
Sense Diary
Evaluation of Environmental Conditions by Occupants
Clements-Croome, Inaugural Lecture 1989
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MotionHeat flux
TemperatureGalvanic skin response
Heart rateCO2 partial pressure
Blood CO2
Brain rhythmsMood and stress
Sensors Measure
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Agent System
Sensorinput
Actuatorcontrol
Agent System
People:occupants
People:facilities
manager etc
environmentdata
occupancydata
settings
pref
eren
ces
polic
y
Prof Kecheng Liu, Dr Penny Noy
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Using Electrical Energy of Human Body
Times, July 14, p.40, World News, 2005
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HUMAN SENSORY INTERFACES
Body MovementsBody Electricity
Gesture RecognitionPersonalisation
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M-Dress by Adam Chang works with a standard SIM card. When the dress rings, you raise your hand to your head to answer the call.
http://www.thestar.com/living/Fashion/article/529211
jumpsuit with built-in iPod control and pocket
The Hug Shirt™ is a Bluetooth accessory for Java
enabled mobile phones
KineticDress is a Victorian inspired
evening gown reactive to the wearer’s
activities and mood.
Mystique (the shape shifter): dress changes shape and length during the course of an evening
Accessory Nerve is a Bluetooth mono-sleeve accessory for mobile phones that changes pattern (creating pleats on the fabric) when a user receives phone calls
Embedded Theater) is a system that allows to interactively navigate audio-augmented environments and create mobile storytelling experiences
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Fibres could Generate Electricity from Body
Motion Trousers generate enough
electricity to power a portable electronic device or to charge a mobile phone.
Each fibre consist of millions of zinc-oxide nanowires grown onto longer strands of Kevlar.
A fabric made of the material could generate 80 mWm-2
Physics World Vol 21, No 3 March 08
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Thermoelectric Boots
http://www.gizmag.com
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Thermoelectric Boots Charge Your Mobile
PhonePlug your phone into the power output at the top of the welly and use the energy that has been generated throughout the day to charge your phone.
The power collected in the ‘power generating sole’ is collected via a process known as the ‘Seebeck’ effect that sees temperature differences converted directly into electricity.
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Greening
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Advantages of Greening
Cooling Effect Increased InsulationAesthetics Increased Recreation AreasReduced Heat Island Effect
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Other Ideas
Algae covered buildings to absorb CO2
Bioluminescent Trees to street light with no electricity
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Green Design Sets a Second Skin
StudioDosi's design is wrapped in a layer of climbing vegetation
StudioDosi Parma, Italy'
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New Offices In Parma
Double Glazed SkinOuter Green Vegetable SkinWind Tower Air ExtractWaste Water CollectedGeothermal PowerPhotovoltaics
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Biowall at the University of Guelph-Humber, Toronto.
Biowall schematic. Air from the room is cleaned by drawing it through the wet plant-covered surface. The clean air is then returned to the room
Earls Court
Moar, P. and Guthrie, P. (2006) Biocomponents: bringing life to engineering Ingenia - Journal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 27 . pp. 24-30. ISSN 1472-9768
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A near-perfect water-repelling surface is essentially a self-cleaning one, as water picks up dirt before rolling off.
That could make the new development ideal for food packaging, windows or even solar cells that need to stay clean for maximum efficiency perfect” water-repelling surface
Spider Inspiration
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Moar, P. and Guthrie, P. (2006) Biocomponents: bringing life to engineering Ingenia - Journal of the Royal Academy of Engineering, 27 . pp. 24-30. ISSN 1472-9768
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Other Innovations
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The Importance of being Virtual
Savings– Capital costs –fewer servers, less hardware
investment
– Running costs –less floor space, less air conditioning costs; potential software savings.
Improved IT services– IT staff will be able to achieve results in a fraction of
the time they used to take
– No mundane maintenance and catch-up
– Private cloud options: one example, already used in some installations, is to provide development
machines on licence Raconteuron, 100% virtualisation, March 2, 2010
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Smart Grids and Intelligent BuildingsEvaluate Means to Facilitate Next Generation Infrastructure
CABA, Intelligent Buildings Road Map, 2011,IBRM Webinar, March 9,
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Network Science Complex systems are networks
Network visualisation enables--- system interaction ; emergent properties and behaviour---studies
Nature and society often follow a power law distribution
C.Hidalgo (Harvard University), Physics World,December 200
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Hierarchical Structure of the Internet
Tangled web: The image shows the hierarchical structure of the Internet, based on the connections between individual nodes (such as service providers). Three distinct regions are apparent: an inner core of highly connected nodes, an outer periphery of isolated networks, and a mantle-like mass of peer-connected nodes. The bigger the node, the more connections it has. Those nodes that are closest to the center are connected to more well-connected nodes than are those on the periphery.
Lanet-vi program of I. Alvarez-Hamelin et al.
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Mimicking the process by which plants use the power of sunlight to split water and make chemical fuel to power their growthMIT researchers have created a virus-templated catalyst solution to harness energy from water
Dominick Reuter
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A microbial fuel cell or biological
fuel cell is a bio-electrochemical
system that drives a current bymimicking bacterial
interactionsfound in Nature.
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InnovationsPROCESSES Whole Life Value From Planning to Recycling Logistic support Analysis Sustainability Rating Tools Soft Landings Framework Optimisation Processes Network Science for Systems Interactions
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InnovationsPEOPLE Biophilia Well-being Studies Personalisation Environment and Work Performance Information overload Spaces for working
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InnovationsPRODUCTS/SYSTEMS Wireless Sensor Networks/Wi-Fi Chips Body Sensitive Architecture Cloud Computing Networked Worlds Low Power Lighting Renewables and Energy Water Use Waste Systems Nano Robots Smart Facades Biomimetic Architecture
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Case Studies
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Masdar City in Abu Dhabi
50,000 residents and 40,000 commuters
1500 renewable energy businesses 6 person pod cars with lithium-
cadmium battery Light transmit railing at ground level
Pedestrians at 7pm podium level
Silicon Valley for clean green and alternative energy for 2016 or 2020
G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic
Possibility?
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City responds to sunlight (orientation, layout)
Narrow streets for shading Courtyards with blinds and solar
shading 10MW solar farm for construction
energy needs Wind and bio- fuels for city
operational needs
Masdar City in Abu DhabiRenewables
G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic
Possibility?
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Solar desalinated sea water Grey and black water systems Landscaping with plant and
vegetation Vacuum waste technologies Composted bio-waste Recyclable waste –energy plants
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi
Water and Waste
G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic
Possibility?
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Passive cooling strategies: wind tower/ground cooling
High thermal mass Solar energy electricity power
ventilation Built form Orientation
Masdar City in Abu Dhabi
Air Systems
G Tang Sheffield Hallam University, Masdar The sustainable Desert City: A Theoretical Mirage or a Realistic
Possibility?
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Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout
http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html
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These Lilypads are constructed with a titanium dioxide skin to absorb CO2
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Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout
http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html
Titanium Dioxide skin to absorb CO2 2 seater electric pod cars Biodiesel/electric buses guided by
embedded road magnets Footstep energy Wind turbines using air movement Hydrogen from an Algae Park Tidal power from wind from passing car Solar energy from paint containing
solar nanoparticles
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Green Mega City: Lilypads by Vincent Callebout
http://www.popsci.com/futurecity/plan.html
Solar energy from paint containing solar nanoparticles
Clear water from desalination Robotic maintenance Bubble Houses Phase change materials give temperature
regulation Hydroponic farms Plant water from sewage filtered via zebra
mussels 10 storey concrete tower with embedded
photovoltaics Geothermal wells for heating/cooling
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Recommendations
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Tenets for Intelligent Buildings
Plan and design with an Integrated Team so that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a commitment to the project and want to fulfil the environmental, social and economic aims.
Systems and holistic thinking are key.
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Assess the impacts of the buildings on occupants and communities nearby.
Occupants behaviour has a large effect on the consumption of energy and water so try to increase awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on resources.
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Aim to increase the built asset value for the organisation
Understand users perceptions: understand the physical and psychological well-being.
Design for Flexible and agile space
Provide Individual control of environmental conditions
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Use smart metering but wireless sensor technology becoming applicable in building operation for personal use by consumers.
Develop data management systems
to give feedback on the performance of spaces in the building.
Understand the interaction between the building, systems and the occupants
Commission pre-occupancy and post-occupancy evaluation are vital.
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Use a whole life value approach to
ensure quality and whole life costs considered.
Aim for simplicity rather than complexity in operation.
Think about well-being and freshness besides comfort and
consider all the senses and how air, view, daylight, sound, colour ,greenery and space affect us in the workplace.
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Connectivity is important for
Interoperability not only between the systems and the building but also between the occupant and the building
Design for flexibility and adaptability
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Think of an Intelligent building as an organism responding to human and environmental needs but also one that needs to “breathe” through the facade between the external and internal environments.
The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be controlled in a way which is functional but also
Design environment to be enjoyable to those working and living inside the building.
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Balance efficiency with effectiveness.
An air supply system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be effective in the space because it has no impact on the breathing zone where the people are.
Plan facilities management so the building is cared for
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Design beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.
Keep abreast of relevant fields of knowledge and innovation.
Learn from other sectors and disciplines
Develop an integrated approach to education to meet sustainable agenda
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A Vision of the Future
www.ukgbc.org
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WHAT WE CALL THE BEGINNING IS OFTEN THE
END
AND TO MAKE AN END IS TO MAKE A BEGINNING
THE END IS WHERE WE START FROM
T.S.ELIOT-- FOUR QUARTETS-- LITTLE GIDDING
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