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u-darmstadt.de Fax. +49 6151 16-3052
, Dept. of Computer Science51 166151,M.tu-darmstadt.de Fax. +49 6151 166152
ogy
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Programming
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Ralf SteinmetzProf. Dr. Max MühlhäuserMM: TU Darmstadt - Darmstadt University of Technology,
Dept. of of Computer ScienceTK - Telecooperation, Tel.+49 6151 16-3709,Alexanderstr. 6, D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany, [email protected]
RS: TU Darmstadt - Darmstadt University of Technology,Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology
KOM - Industrial Process and System Communications, Tel.+49 61Merckstr. 25, D-64283 Darmstadt, Germany, Ralf.Steinmetz@KOGMD -German National Research Center for Information Technolhttc - Hessian Telemedia Technology Competence-Center e.V.
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User Interfaces
.Synchro-nization
GroupCommuni-
cations
Programming
ms Communications
ice Networks
ession
Video Audio
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Scope
Usa
ge Applications
Learning & Teaching Design
Ser
vice
s ContentProcess-
ing
Docu-ments
Security ..S
yste
ms Databases
Media-Server Operating Syste
Opt. Memories Quality of Serv
Bas
ics Computer
Archi-tectures
Compr
Image &Graphics
Animation
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are
ming
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Contents
1. Programming - Abstracting from MM-Hardw
Device Drivers
Devices
System Software - MCI
System Software - DirectX
Libraries - Open GL
Java Media Framework (JMF)
Application Generators and Visual Program
2. Programming Languages
Requirements
Object Orientation - Basics
Java
3. Distributed Computing
Initial Situation and Requirements
CORBA
CORBA and Java
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MM-Hardware
s
Ab
stra
ctin
gfr
om
Ap
plic
atio
n
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1. Programming - Abstracting from
Application Generator
Library or Framework
Device Driver
Multimedia-Hardware Device
Multimedia-Application
System-Software
Ab
stra
ctin
gfr
om
Ha
rdw
are
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hardware
el code - i386 architecture */
ms with:
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Device Drivers
At hardware level• sequence of (very) specific instructions• IO / DMA addresses determined by individual
static unsigned long read_timer(void){
/* example taken from Linux kernunsigned long t, flags;int i;__save_flags(flags);__cli();t = jiffies * 11932;outb_p(0, 0x43);i = inb_p(0x40);i |= inb(0x40) << 8;__restore_flags(flags);return (t - i);
}
Strong hardware dependency may cause proble• portability• reusability• coding efficiency
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e operating system
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Devices
Try to:• identify classes of similiar devices• treat them via a generic interface as part of th
• block devices (e.g. /dev/hda)• character devices (e.g. /dev/sound)
Abstraction - File• system calls:
• open, close• read, write• (seek)• fcntl, ioctl - for all further functionality
• example:• micro_in = open (“/dev/audio”, O_RDONLY);
samples = read (micro_in, buffer, 1024);...
other mechanisms:• memory mapping• I/O or DMA mapping
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I)
dependence
brary
ia Control Interface
Media ControlInterface Drivers
Compact DiscAudio
Videodisc
(MCI)
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System Software - MCI
OS/2 and Windows Media Control Interface (MC
• MMSYSTEM lib. for extensibility and device in
Multimedia Application
WindowsSystem Software
MMSYSTEM Li
Low-Level Functions Med
WindowsDevice Drivers
MultimediaDevice Drivers
JoystickDevice
WaveformDevice
MIDIDevice
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ce applicationsme SDK"
rs
/ DCOM
= component of ActiveX
= component of DirectX
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System Software - DirectX
Low-level APIs and libraries for high-performan• Especially games - formerly known as the "Ga
Direct access to hardware services• e.g. audio & video cards, hardware accelerato• "DirectX" = "direct access"• strong relationship / interaction with ActiveX
Video Device Drivers
Video Hardware
Application
e.g. Active Movie
Direct Draw Direct xxx
Direct 3D
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itiesics programming APIk of multiple streamsevelopmente.g. joysticks, data gloves
tionality)
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DirectX (cont.)
Components:• DirectDraw - 2 dimensional graphics capabil• Direct3D - extensively functional 3D graph• DirectSound - (3D) sound, mixing and playbac• DirectPlay - for network multiplayer game d• DirectInput - input from various peripherals,
Implementation Strategy:• Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL)• Hardware Emulation Layer (HEL)• Media Layer (for aggregated “high level” func
• animations• media streaming• synchronisation
Other System Software Examples• Apple QuickDraw• QuickTime
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Graphicscross many platforms”
, Rectangle handling ...)
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Libraries - Open GL• 2D and 3D graphics API developed by Silicon• basic idea: “write applications once, deploy a
• PCs• Workstations• Super Computers
• Benefits:• Industry Standard• Stable• Reliable and Portable• Evolving• Scalable (HW features like Z-buffering, Zoom• Well documented and easy to use
• integrated with:• Windows NT• Windows 95• UNIX X Window System
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roup, sequence, video, ...)
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Frameworks
Additional level of abstraction:• Combination of different media
• New data types• e.g. mixed.video := orig.video + subtitle• granularity problematic (pixel, frame, image g
• Reuse of Modules:• Synchronization• Scaling• (De)compression• File formats• etc.
Application frame given• Generic problem solution
Creation of specialized application components• Media containers, media processors
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cation.start();
mple in lecture on
kit
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Frameworks (cont.)
Framework controls execution• E.g. myApplicationComponent.init(); myAppli
Examples:• Java Media Framework (JMF)• further information on Applets as another exa
documents
ToolApplication
Framework
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back of multimedia data
ent and core packages
mand (VOD) protocols)
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Java Media Framework (JMF)
support for platform-neutral synchronized play• local• via network
• pull protocols - e.g. HTTP• push protocols - e.g. RTP
easy integration into platforms native environm
supported media formats:• MPEG-1• MPEG-2• QuickTime• AVI• WAV• AU• MIDI
extensible:• new Data Sources (e.g. for FTP or Video on De• new Players
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nd abstract base class)
el
ervise another)
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Java Media Framework (cont.)
Basic features:• state model• communication and control via base API (exte• event model• may be embedded in Beans (Component) mod• set of controls is player defined• synchronisation support (one player may sup
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rogramming
imedia Applications on an
hem on a time axix
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Application Generators and Visual P
Goal:• Support for Authoring and Generation of Mult
intuitive basis
Categories (maybe mixed):• script-based• icon-based• timeline-based
Approach may be used for visual programming
Example: Macromedia Director• describe parts of a presentation and arrange t• Scripting Language LINGO• may
• generate standalone application• export several formats
• HTML• Java• Shockwave
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fficiency
hes
te and fix
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2. Programming Languages
Requirements
Generally should support:• Code Reuse• Extensability• Maintainability• Robustness
Especially for Multimedia Applications:• Efficient Handling of Large Amount of Data / E• Realtime Support• Synchronisation Support
Conclusion:• we can! use modern Object Oriented Approac• inherit• extend and• reuse
• rather than develop from scratch or copy, pas
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C++)
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Object Orientation - Basics
Termini:• Object / Class• Instance• Interface
Basic OO features:• Inheritance• Polymorphism• Dynamic (late) Binding• Communication using Messages
support differs in various languages (e.g.
Those together fulfill the real OO goals:• Abstraction• Encapsulation• Comprehensiveness• Reusibility
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for settop boxes - project
rities to smalltalk
nt (exceptions)
ory allocation
me
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Java
High-level programming language (Sun, initiallyOAK)
• Object-oriented• C++-like (easy to learn), but also strong simila
• Type safety• promoted by compiler and runtime environme• but not completely forced
• Inherent language support for Multi-Threading• No pointer mechanisms• Garbage collection instead of user driven mem• No system dependent features
• data types have fixed sizes• Security mechanisms
• restricted language features• various checks at compile as well as on run-ti
• Platform-independence by means of bytecode• allows for Applet-Code loadable via network
• comes with a powerful class library
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portable
ve look and feel)ouse clicksars
clips
ation, audio
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Java - Functionality
Rich set of Predefined Classes• java.awt
• abstract window toolkit• hides basic mechanisms -> makes programs• functions e.g.:
• access to underlying window system (nati• reaction upon events like keystrokes or m• drawing of lines / figures / buttons / scrollb• image manipulation
• java.applet• basic framework for applets• e.g. get and display WWW pages, play audio• more infos in lecture on Documents / WWW
• Networking (Server and Multicast support)• Display of various media: text, graphics, anim
===> Java Media Frame (JMF)===> Java Telephony API (JTAPI)...
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JIT)
ative Interface - JNI)sor)
nt
uter !”
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Java - Resume
What about performance?• Runtime Optimization (Just in Time Compiling• Compilation to machine specific target code• Mechanisms to integrate native Code (Java N• Hardware implementations (PicoJava Proces
also important driving innovation in developme• from retrival-only WWW• towards an “Object Web”
Java is:• not just a another programming language• but a large step towards the vision
“The network is the comp
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) may be in conflict with
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3. Distributed Computing
Initial Situation and Requirements
• Heterogenity• Hardware• Operating Systems• Network• Programming Language
• General strong need for:• Access Transparency• Location Transparency• Migration Transparency• Replication Transparency• Concurrency Transparency• Failure Transparency• Performance Transparency• Scalability Transparency
Note:• Multimedia Requierements (Performance, QoS
some of those
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d ...
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Middleware
Classification:• Message Oriented Middleware
• IBM MQ, DEC Message Queue, NCR Top En• Transaction Processing Middleware
• IBM CICS, BEA Tuxedo• Object Oriented Middleware
• Open Management Group (OMG) CORBA• Microsoft DCOM• Java / RMI
Different approaches also converging
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by means of Object
ommon Facilities
r
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CORBA• extends Remote Procedure Call (RPC) model
Oriented Middleware Concept
CApplication Objects
Object Services
Object Request Broke
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ystem or via network
MI)
Clientother
Applicationother Language
Language
ORB
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CORBA and Java
Implementation• 100 percent pure Java ORBs loaded from files• starting with JDK1.2, CORBA is a integral part
For Java-only Distributed Systems• consider using Remote Method Invocation (R
Java ORBJava ORB
ORB
ServerApplicationJava
ClientJava-
Application
Client
Java-Applet