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PROTECTED CULTIVATION
OF VEGETABLES INMOLDOVA
(CENSUSREPORT)
Chisinau, 2009
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CZU:635.1/.8:631.544(478)
This publication was developed and printed by the Agribusiness Development Project in Moldovaimplemented by CNFA
, with financial support provided by the U.S. Agency for International
Development.
This report provides results of a two-phase national survey of vegetable crop cultivation underprotective cover. It represents an in depth analysis of the data collected from a two-phase survey ofthe Moldovan greenhouse sector. The publication is unique in that and it represents the first evernational census (Phase I) that provides detailed information on the actual area under different types ofprotected constructions for indoor production of vegetables in Moldova. The Phase II sample surveyreflects the particularities of the sector and identifies the producers, the type of legal organizationstheir location, crops grown, equipment and technology used, access to information and finances andproblems faced. This report can be used by various groups of readers including: policy makers,financial organizations, local administrations, educational and research institutions, greenhousegrowers, input suppliers, students and other organizations and experts working in field related toprotected cultivation of vegetables.
Authors:
Victor ROSCA, PhD, Agribusiness Development Specialist, ADP Team Leader
Ludmila GOGU, Agribusiness Development Advisor, ADP
Alexandru BELSCHI, Agribusiness Development Advisor, ADP
Nicolae ZAHARIA, Agribusiness Development Advisor, ADP
Conrad FRITSCH, Chief of Party, ADP Project
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank the local community administration and cadastral office specialists from theMoldovan mayoralties for their cooperation and assistance in carrying out this study.
We thank Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry staff, Mr. Anatol Spivacenco, First-Deputy Ministerand Mr. Mihai Suvac, Head of the Field Crops, Seed Production, Horticulture and Nursery Departmentfor their support in coordinating survey activities with local authorities and providing approval for theADP staff to carry out the study.
We appreciate the work done by Magenta Ltd for developing the second phase sampling frame andcollecting the data and providing the initial statistical analyses for this phase of the study.
We would also like to thank Ms. Rodica Miron, Agreements Officer Technical Representative, USAID
Moldova, for her valuable comments and guidance during the implementation of this study.
The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessary reflect the views of theU.S. Agency for International Development.
2009 by ADP project. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher and the authors
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY....................................................................................................................................................1
PHASE I: GREENHOUSE SECTOR INVENTORY- QUANTITATIVE RESULTS.......................................4
CHAPTER I: GROWERS AND AREA UNDER PROTECTED CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES ..........4
CHAPTER II: DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION AREA BYZONE AND ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL UNITS (RAYON)..............................................................6
CHAPTER III: DISTRIBUTION OF PROTECTED COVER CULTIVATION AREA BY TYPE OFBUSINESS ORGANIZATION.....................................................................................................................11
PHASE II: INVENTORY OF THE GREENHOUSE SECTOR - QUALITATIVE STUDY OFCONSTRUCTION, INPUT USE, FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS AND PROJECTIONS ..........................19
CHAPTER V: GREEN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION TYPE..........................................................................19
5.1. Basic crops grown in greenhouses .......................................................................................19
5.2. Greenhouse construction types ............................................................................................20
5.3. Greenhouse covering material..............................................................................................22
5.4. Greenhouse age profile.........................................................................................................23
5.5. Origin of greenhouse construction material in Moldova........................................................24
5.6. Type of fuel used for greenhouse heating ............................................................................26
5.7. Period of use for greenhouse structures...............................................................................27
CHAPTER VI: INPUT SUPPLY LEVEL AND QUALITY OF PRODUCTION MATERIALS......................28
CHAPTER VII: MAJOR GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS...............................................29
CHAPTER VIII: PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES ..................................................................................308.1. Preference of the greenhouse growers for local and foreign varieties .................................30
8.2. Use of seedlings for vegetable production in greenhouses ..................................................31
8.3. Media for growing vegetables in greenhouses .....................................................................31
8.4. Number of crops cultivated per year .....................................................................................32
CHAPTER IX: GROWERS EDUCATION AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION.....................................34
9.1. Level of professional/technical education .............................................................................34
9.2. Growers attendance at specialized training courses ............................................................35
9.3. Possession and availability of specialized literature for greenhouse growers......................359.4. Availability of consulting services..........................................................................................37
9.5. Visits to other greenhouses growers.....................................................................................39
9.6. Sources of information related to greenhouse production and marketing of vegetables......40
CHAPTER X: FINANCIAL RESOURCES..................................................................................................41
10.1. Possession of the Information about sources of financing ...............................................41
10.2. Sources of finance for capital investment in greenhouse construction.............................42
10.3. Grants obtained.................................................................................................................43
10.4. Farmers plans to use Bank loans in the future.................................................................44
10.5. Leasing..............................................................................................................................45
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CHAPTER XI: GREENHOUSE PRODUCT SALES...................................................................................48
11.1. Sales method ....................................................................................................................48
11.2. Transportation to the place of sale....................................................................................50
11.3. Sales mechanisms............................................................................................................50
11.4. Payment method for delivered vegetables........................................................................52
11.5. Major grower problems in selling greenhouse vegetables................................................53
CHAPTER XII: DEVELOPMENT PLANS ..................................................................................................55
12.1. Greenhouse production area expansion plans .................................................................55
12.2. Projection for extension of different types of green house construction...........................57
12.3. Subvention use..................................................................................................................57
12.4. Crops that farmers intend to grow in the future in greenhouses.......................................58
ANNEX I PHASE 1 SURVEY INSTRUMENT.............................................................................................60
ANNEX II PHASE 2 SURVEY INSTRUMENT............................................................................................61ANNEX III STATISTICAL TABLES............................................................................................................68
Table 1 Growers and administrative units using protected cover technologies, 2008......................68
Table 2 Villages with major areas using protected cover technologies, 2008..................................69
Table 3 Distribution of per capita protected cover production area by population base, 2008.........70
Table 4 Distribution of glass greenhouse growers by size of production unit, 2008.........................71
Table 5 Distribution of plastic greenhouse growers by size of production unit, 2008.......................72
Table 6 Distribution of low tunnel growers by size of production unit, 2008.....................................73
Table 7 Distribution of growers using Spotbond (agril) cover by size of production unit, 2008........74
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SUMMARY
According to Moldovan statistical data, the area of protected vegetable cultivation prior to 1990 was576 ha. At that time, the area of the constructions for growing vegetables covered with plastic wasmuch larger than that of glasshouses: 410 ha compared to 66 ha. Collective farms (kolkhozes) ownedmost plastic covered greenhouses and nearly 100% of glass greenhouses were owned by Statecompanies. In 1990, almost all glass greenhouse vegetables were exported and most production fromplastic greenhouses was consumed locally.
When the process of agricultural privatization started, kolkhozes were restructured into new entities,and former kolkhoz assets (land and machinery) were distributed to eligible citizens as a participatoryshare. The plastic greenhouses owned by collective farms (kolkhozes), were distributed to formerkolkhoz members. As a result, most of the plastic greenhouses were dismantled or destroyed.
Most of the glass greenhouses were not privatized, and remain in state ownership. Little investmenton renovation or upgrading technology for growing winter vegetables has taken place. At this momentfunctional glass greenhouse constructions are used as unheated facilities which allow them to beused for production only from the April to October period.
Under these conditions, Moldova rapidly became an importer of fresh vegetables, produced by foreigngreenhouse growers. Currently, Moldova imports over 25,000 MT of greenhouse vegetables.
Government has taken several steps in recent years to rehabilitate the greenhouse sector and tosubstitute fresh vegetable imports in spring and autumn. Government policy initiatives include:subsidies to growers for new greenhouse construction, improvement of legislation to supportformation of associations and cooperatives, training and technical assistance, etc. However, whilethese interventions have been useful they have not been sufficient to attract the large investmentfunds needed to address the existing constraints.
To address these constraints, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry in cooperation with otherinstitutions and organizations is in the process of preparing a Ten Year Strategy for Development ofGreenhouse Sector (SDGS) in Moldova. They approved the undertaking of the current survey and the
results of the National Protected Cover Crop Area Census (completed during the January to May2009 period) and the follow-on sample survey to provide the baseline and technical analysis fromwhich to identify actions for further development of the Moldovan greenhouse sector.
The study identified and analyzed all types of constructions for protected cultivation of vegetablesincluding glass and plastic greenhouses, high and low tunnels, and temporary protected cropscovered with Spotbond (agril). Survey data indicates that vegetable producers in areas under someform of protected cover are located in 51% of Moldovan mayoralties. In total, the survey identified8,141 vegetable growers with protected cover area. About half of them (4,295 growers) are in Criulenirayon. The other rayons with a large number of growers using protected cover productiontechnologies are Dubasari, Cahul and Anenii Noi.
The survey identified 40 growers using glass covered green houses along with 7,896 growers using
plastic covered greenhouses. Criuleni rayon has the largest number of growers using plasticgreenhouses (4,288) with Dubasari, Cahul and Anenii Noi following with 611, 392 and 209 growersrespectively. It is important to mention that about 87% of all vegetable producers with plasticgreenhouses are small-scale growers with less then 500 m
2of production area.
Total covered area for production of vegetables in 2008 was 544 ha, which includes 40.4 hectares ofglass greenhouses; 412.33 hectares of greenhouses and high tunnels covered with plastic foil; 9.7hectares of low tunnels and 81.9 hectares of fields covered with Spotbond (agril). The area underprotected cover vegetable production represents about 1.59 m
2per person.
Family Farms (FF), Individual Enterprises (IE) and Physical Persons (PhP) /home gardens, own about77% of the area used for protected cultivation of vegetables. Legal entities like Ltds hold about 19% ofall covered area in Moldova. The survey identified that 54% of all area for indoor production of
vegetables are represented by Physical persons (PhP) that grow indoor vegetables for their ownfamily consumption and for sale on the local market. They operate over 275 ha or 66.8% of the area
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under plastic greenhouses that are located on home garden plots or on land plots received near thefamily home during the land privatization. Usually, this group of growers does not hire outside laborand family members do all operations for growing vegetables.
Analysis of greenhouse type reveals that 58% of the greenhouses are single arched, covered withone layer of polyethylene plastic (87%). Most of the greenhouses are of metal construction (53%),
with the remaining 47% of wood construction. Vegetable producers using their own materials (88%)build most plastic greenhouses and the remaining 12% are built of frames supplied by outsidecompanies. About 43% of plastic greenhouses were constructed or reconstructed within the past 5years.
Glass and plastic greenhouses are used mainly from March until October. In 47% of the cases, greenhouses are heated with wood, while 43% do not have any heating systems. In addition, the majority ofheated greenhouses heat only the air (95%). Ground heating is provided as well in the remaining fivepercent of the greenhouses.
Most of the planting materials used by respondents are of foreign origin (54%). About 41% ofgreenhouse growers use local varieties, and the remaining 5% grow vegetables using both foreignand local varieties. Seedlings used for future planting are in the majority of cases grown by the
farmers themselves (83%). Those who grow seedlings themselves in 58% of the cases stated thatthey grow seedlings in pots. Nutritive mixtures are used as substrata for vegetable production in 51%of cases, the other 47% use soil that is available under the greenhouse conditions, while 2% useartificial substrates. Over the calendar year, the majority of farmers grow one crop (52%) while 36%grow two crops per year and remaining 12% grow three crops per year.
Thirty-two percent of the respondents have completed vocational training and 68% of farmers have noformal training in the field. However, 77% of the respondents read specialized literature and of thosewho do not have access to these materials 94% are interested in having access to them. Regardingthe sufficiency of specialized literature half of the respondents consider that there is not enoughedited technical literature, while at same time 40% stated that there is enough technical literature.
The majority of greenhouse growers build protected cultivations and operational costs from their own
financial resources (90%). The rest finance their activity using grants subsidies or bank loans.
The in depth analysis shows that only a minority of farmers indicated that they are sufficientlyinformed about different financing sources, including: governmental subsidies (41%) and bank loans(23%). As regards International donor financing programs including RISP, IFAD and CFR, they arevery poorly understood by respondents, respectively 13%, 8% and 5%.
Most (60%) of those that obtained grants mentioned that the value of the grant covers from 51% to75% of the investment amount for construction of greenhouses. Another 32% obtained grantscovering less than 20% of the financial need. Moreover, 35% of the interviewees are open to obtainbank loans to finance their activity. Those who do not want to get a bank loan, give as reasons for thispreference, that interest rates are too high (62% cases) and they consider that there is a high risk ofnot being able to pay it back (17% cases).
About 34% of interviewed people are interested in purchasing a new greenhouse via leasing.
Product marketing in 95% of the cases is done without a formal contract or informal agreement. Mostgreenhouse producers (72% of cases) sell some of their greenhouse vegetables on the retail market.The main problems reported by interviewees are low prices (67%) and high levels of competitionespecially with regard to imported products (49%).
Over 60% of the respondents indicated that they are interested in expanding their greenhouse areaand a majority of these respondents (77%) would prefer to use polyethylene plastic cover, which iscurrently the most common covering material.
The majority of respondents are willing to continue growing tomatoes (86%), cucumbers (70%) andhalf of the respondents would consider growing sweet pepper. However, only 35% of the respondentsare willing to grow seedlings for own use and for sale to other growers.
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METHODOLOGY
To obtain the most accurate and full information on the state of the greenhouse sector in Moldova thesurvey was completed in two phases.
The first phase represented a census inventory of the greenhouse sector. ADP staff developed a
questionnaire (annex 1), which was completed by the cadastral officer of each mayoralty. From thetotal number of 897 Mayoralties in Moldova 98% provided the basic statistical information regardingthe approximately eight thousand resident greenhouse vegetable producers. The informationcollected provided a geographical distribution of producers, total surface of the protected area by typeof greenhouse, cultivated corps and their yield, basic problems facing producers, and plans fordevelopment.
The Phase II in-depth questionnaire (annex 2) consisted of closed ended questions prepared in twolanguages Romanian and Russian, and addressed the following topics:
Identifying the types of glass construction,
Determining construction materials used, their source, availability and accessibility, and availability of
heating;
Determining greenhouse production technologies;
Determining the major sources of information and of the level of information to support greenhousecrop cultivation;
Identifying financial sources used for greenhouse crops cultivation;
Identifying the marketing modalities for greenhouse products;
Determining the trends for the greenhouse expansion;
The Phase I study provided the population list of villages and the concentration of greenhouse surfacearea in each village that served as the basis for the Phase II stratified random sample to selectvillages and interviewees for the in depth qualitative producer survey.
The specialized survey agency Magenta Consulting Ltd was engaged to select a random sample of350 respondents from the village population list stratified by three levels of greenhouse surface area:less than 300 m
2, 300-1000 m
2and more than 1,000 m
2to provide a sampling error of 5% with a
probability of 95% at the national level. This survey was conducted in all rayons of the Republic ofMoldova regions to obtain a significant territorial representation. No more than two interviews werecompleted in any one village to retain a representative sampling distribution. The primary datainterpretation was made using SPSS statistical software with descriptive statistic and multilateralinterpretation.
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Phase I: Greenhouse Sector Inventory- QuantitativeResults
CHAPTERI: GROWERSANDAREAUNDERPROTECTEDCULTIVATIONOFVEGETABLES
Moldova is located on the 5th Light Zone, which ensures favorable climatic conditions for growing
vegetables in protected area in all regions of the country. Moldovas climate is moderately continental,
with some modification from its proximity to the Black Sea. The summers are warm and long, with
temperatures between 20C and 25C, but can sometimes reach 35-40C during heat waves in July
and August. The winters are moderately cold and dry, with daytime January temperatures between -
4C and -7C, with occasional spells with temperatures -20 to -23C. Intensive sunshine and many
sunny days in winter and spring are good preconditions for vegetable growing in covered areas.
Results of the inventory show that the population of Moldova uses the climate condition advantages
and protected cultivation of vegetables is done in all 35 territorial-administrative units. Most of the
vegetables produced in greenhouses and other forms of protected field cover are sold on local
(community) and regional markets, thus, it was important to determine the size of the local population
that is provided with locally produced vegetables and the degree of community self-sufficiency.
Survey results indicated that producers of vegetables in protected area (Annex III table 1) are located
in just over half of the communities (51.34%).
The survey identified 8,141 growers using some form of protected cover technology including, glass
and plastic greenhouses, low tunnels and Spotbond (agril) which is material used to cover open field
crops in early spring to protect them against frost (Annex III table 1). Criuleni has the largest number
of growers using protected cover technology with 4,295, representing more than half the total number
of in the country. The other three rayons with a large number of growers using protected cover
technologies are Dubasari (612 growers), Cahul (466 growers), and Anenii Noi (214 growers). These
rayons have a historical tradition of growing early vegetables and supply retail markets in main
Moldovan cities located close to the production area. In each of these rayons there are well-known
villages specializing in production of greenhouse vegetables including Dubasarii Vechi, Corjovo,
Slobozia Dusca in Criuleni rayon, Pirita village in Dubasari rayon, Pugaceni, Serpeni village in Anenii
Noi, etc. In some of these villages there are more than 600 growers using plastic cover technology.
Figure 1 provides a visual display of covered production density by rayon.
The number of growers using greenhouse technology differs from the total number using protected
cover technology as some growers use only low tunnels or Spotbond (agril) which are open field
technologies and others use a combination of these technologies. The survey identified 7,896
growers with plastic greenhouses, 919 using low tunnels and 4,417 growers using Spotbond (agril).
As most of the greenhouse grown vegetables are sold in local markets it was important to identify the
distribution of covered area production by administrative territory units (rayon) population base. The
national average per capita covered production area is 1.59 m2.
However, this indicator is very high in
some rayons for example, Criuleni: 23.83 m2
per capita, Anenii Noi: 8.87 m2
per capita, Dubasari:
5.72 m2
per capita. The lowest distribution was registered in Gagauzia: 0.20 m2
per capita, Causeni:
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0.24, Basarabeasca: 0.28 m2, Leova: 0.28 m
2per capita which 5 8 times lower than the average
country indicator. The distribution for all rayons is shown in Annex III table 3.
Fig. 1 Number of greenhouse growers per rayon, Moldova, 2008
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CHAPTER II: DISTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PROTECTED CULTIVATION AREA BYZONEANDADMINISTRATIVETERRITORIALUNITS(RAYON).
The data show that largest number of villages in which there are covered area vegetable producers
are located in the North (187) and Center (177), while in the South (97) there are less than half thenumber of mayoralties with production of greenhouse vegetables or vegetable production under other
types of covered area (table 2.1). In spite of the fact that the number of villages in which there are
vegetable producers in covered area is nearly the same in the North and Center, 75.4% of all covered
area growers are located in the center, compared with 14.8% in the North and 9.8% in the South.
Table 2.1 Protected cultivation of vegetable in different geographic zones
Mayoralties withproducers ofcovered area
vegetables
Growers of covered areavegetables
Area of protected vegetablecultivationGeographic
zone
Number% of
total percountry
Number% of total
percountry
ha% of total per
country
North 187 40.56 1205 14.80 98.33 18.07
Center 177 38.40 6,138 75.40 383.70 70.50
South 97 21.04 798 9.80 62.23 11.43
TOTAL 461 100.00 8,141 100.00 544.26 100.00
The Ministry of Local Public Administration (http://www.mapl.gov.md) estimates the Moldovan
population at 3,419,430 inhabitants1
(table 2.2). Nearly 50% of the population lives in the Central zone
of Moldova (1,616,370 inhabitants) and this zone contains about 70% of the total area under covered
greenhouse production. Viewed on a per capita distribution this zone contains 2.37 m2
of covered
greenhouse production per person, compared to 0.88 m2
and 0.92 m2
in the North and in the South
respectively. In some rayons in the Center zone this indicator is very high: 23.8 m2
in Criuleni and, 8.9
m2
in Anenii Noi (fig. 2). These producers provide fresh vegetables to the nearby large population
centers and have access to good sources of irrigation water and other input supplies and access to a
sufficient supply of well-trained labor and professional managers.
The existence of a relatively large number of vocational schools, colleges, institutions of higher
education and research centers can more easily provide training and other assistance to greenhouse
vegetable growers than is the case in other geographic zones. However, the Southern zone provides
better lighting and temperature conditions to grow early vegetables in covered constructions.
1 The figure excludes the population of Transnistria and Moldovan citizens working out of the country.
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Table 2.2 Per capita provision with area for protected cultivation of vegetables
Geographiczone
Population ('000persons)
Protected cover area (m2)
Protected cover area per capita(m
2)
North 1,126.66 983,269 0.88
Center 1,616.37 3,837,069 2.37
South 679.4 622,347 0.92
TOTAL 3,419.43 5,442,684 1.59
At the other extreme, the per capita area distributions in the North and South are considerably lower,
reaching a maximum of 4.4 m2 per capita in Soldanesti in the North and a maximum of 2.9 m2 per
capita in Cahul in the South. However, as in the Central zone these maximum distributions
correspond to major population centers in each of these regions.
Central zone North zone South zone
Fig. 2 Per capita distribution of area for protected cultivation of vegetables in different
Moldovan geographic zones, m2
/per capita
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As seen in table 2.3 over 97% of the glass greenhouses are located in the center geographic zone
primarily in Anenii Noi rayon and in Chisinau. They are mostly very old constructions (35-45 years
old), were formerly used for winter vegetable production but are no longer suitable for this purpose.
The remaining 3% are located in the Northern and Southern zones. They are small-scale units, are
not industrial frame constructions and are only used for vegetable production starting in the February-March period. Figure 3 shows a typical glass greenhouse of Soviet era construction located in Anenii
Noi.
Table 2.3 Distribution of different types of construction for protected cultivation of vegetables, by
geographic zone, 2008
Glass greenhousearea
Plastic greenhousearea
Low tunnels areaArea covered withSpotbond (agril)Zone
Totalprotectedcovered
area
Ha % Ha % ha % Ha %
North 98.33 0.26 1 67.26 16 2.60 27 28.21 34
Center 383.71 39.19 97 300.16 73 4.79 50 39.57 48
South 62.23 0.93 2 44.91 11 2.25 23 14.16 17
Total 544.27 40.37 100 412.33 100 9.64 100 81.93 100
Fig. 3 Glass greenhouse Speia village, Anenii Noi
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Table 2.3 also shows that 73% of all plastic greenhouses, and 50% of low tunnels are also located in
the Central zone with 27% and 23% located in the North and South zones, respectively. Low tunnels
(fig.4) are very simple and cheap construction used by growers for temporary protection of vegetables
for spring frosts. This type of protected cultivation area is not very common in Moldova (9.64 ha) and
is used mainly by small-scale vegetable producers.
Fig. 4 Vegetable production in low tunnels. Vindex-agro Ltd, Malaesti village, Orhei
In the past 4-5 years, very rapid growth has been experienced in the use of a new covering material
called Spotbond or agril, which is applied over early-planted seedlings planted without any supporting
frame to protect them against late spring frosts (fig 5). While growers in the Center zone use 48% of
the agril material, growers in the North use twice as much agril covering than in the South (34%
compared to 17%). The greater use in the Center and North is most likely because late frosts are
more common in these areas so open field growers are more likely to need protective cover to reduce
losses due to low temperatures. In 2008 about 82 hectares of land was covered with agril, compared
with 28 hectares in the North, 40 hectares in the Center and 14 hectares in the South. It is expected
that this type of protected production area will continue to increase significantly in the future.
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Fig. 5 Early cabbage under Agril cover, Sant Agro Ltd, Cunicia village, Floresti rayon
The Inventory also identified about 17 hectares of other type of construction for protected cover
vegetable production area. This includes greenhouses covered with other materials including grass
and film (polycarbonate, plastic panels, 2-3 combined cover materials on one and the same
construction) and other small scale constructions such as hotbeds covered with polycarbonate. They
are not typical constructions, some of them will disappear in the near future, and thus all are included
in this report as other constructions. More detailed information on types of construction used by
vegetable producers is described in Phase II of this report.
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CHAPTER III: DISTRIBUTION OF PROTECTED COVER CULTIVATION AREA BY TYPE OF
BUSINESSORGANIZATION.
All indoor growers of vegetables belong to two groups by legal statute: legal entities and physical
persons. Four main types of business organizations are identified: Agriculture/Production
Cooperatives (Coop), Private Company limited by shares (Ltd), Family Farms (FF) and Individual
Enterprises (IE). Individual growers that have no legal registration are considered as Physical persons
(PhP). Other business organizations such as Research Stations, Institutes, Universities, Joint Stock
Companies, etc. were included in one separate group under the general name Other.
All legal business entities engaged in covered vegetable productionare organized based on the Law
of Entrepreneurship and Enterprises, adopted on 3 January 1992.
One of the most widely used forms of legal commercial business activity is the Limited Liability
Company (Ltd). It can be organized by one or more individuals, and its equity is divided between the
owners (if applicable) based on the amount of invested capital. The financial responsibility of the
owner or owners is limited to the value of the capital invested in the Ltd.
The Individual Enterprise (IE) is a legal commercial business entity organized by one or more
individuals. This form of business activity is organized under the Law of Entrepreneurship and
Enterprises, adopted on 3 January 1992. Unlike a Limited Liability Company, the company owner is
financially responsible with all his/her property for the activity of the owned company.
Family Farm (FF) is a form of Individual enterprise specific only for agribusiness. [Art.14/1] and
owners of FF are financially responsible with all his/her property.
The Cooperative (Coop) is a commercial organization (enterprise) acting under the status of a legal
entity, whose members are legal and/or physical entities that conduct entrepreneurial activity.
1. The main goal of the cooperative is to contribute to obtain profit by its members.2. The cooperative operates based on the present law, its charter and regulations.3. The cooperative may be created on primary principles (without legal predecessors) as well as
by reorganization of other enterprises or unions (with legal predecessors).4. The cooperative shall be created by at least five legal and/or physical entities.5. If the number of cooperative members diminishes under the limit provided in item (4), the
cooperative shall be obligated, within 3 months from the date of this diminishing, to:
(a) enlarge the number of members up to the limit provided in item (5); or(b) reorganize into a different legal form of organization or into a union of enterprises; or(c) liquidate based on the decision of the general meeting.
The survey identified that Physical persons (PhP) that grow vegetables for their own family
consumption and for sale to the local market (fig. 6) represent 54% of all area for covered production
of vegetables. Over 275 ha or 66.8% of the covered production area accounted for by plastic
greenhouses are operated by physical persons. They grow vegetables in protected constructions that
are located on home garden plots or on land plots received near the family home during the land
privatization process. Usually, this group of growers does not hire outside labor and family members
do all vegetable growing operations.
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19%
21%
2%
54%
3% 1%
COOP Ltd FF IE PhP OTHER
Fig. 6 Structure of indoor vegetable production area by type of business organizations
FF and Ltds farm about 40% of the area dedicated to indoor cultivation of vegetables. These
commercially oriented legal entities produce vegetables to supply both local and export markets.Nearly 80% of glass greenhouses are organized as Ltds and about 15% by IE. Cooperatives take
about 1% of the total area designated for protected cultivation of vegetables.
12.58%
0.25%
85.71%
0.27%
0.99%0.18%
COOP Ltd FF IE PhP Other
0.99%0.18% 12.58% 0.25% 85.71% 0.27%
Fig. 7 Structure of indoor growers by type of business organization
The PhP group represents almost 86% of growers when sorted by type of business organization andanother 12.6% are FF growers. The remaining types of business organizations are represented by
less then 1% of growers per each (fig 7).
The Center zone of Moldova is characterized by the highest concentration of different types of
business organizations involved in indoor vegetable production (fig. 8) and this zone has the largest
number of indoor producers. It is also the closest to large urban markets, has a higher level of
commercial development and owners have an advanced knowledge of different types of business
organization and management practices.
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0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
COOP Ltd FF IE PhP Other
Type of business organization
ha,vegetable
indoorproduction
North Center South
Fig. 8 Geographical distribution of different types of business organizations producing
indoor vegetables
2%
23%
28%
2%
44%
1%
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
C OOP L td FF IE PhP Other
Fig. 9 Distribution of area for protected cultivation of vegetables by type of business
organization, North zone of Moldova
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1%
20% 19%
3%
54%
4%
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
C OOP L td FF IE PhP Other
Fig. 10 Distribution of area for indoor cultivation of vegetables by type of business
organization, Center zone of Moldova
Cooperatives and Individual enterprises are less popular, among indoor vegetable producers in all
zones, compared with other types of business organizations (fig. 9, 10, 11) with only 1-3% of area of
protected cultivation of vegetables in each zone of the country managed by Coop or IE organizations.
PhP farm the largest indoor area of vegetable production in all parts of Moldova: North -44%, Center -
54%, South-71%. The second largest group of producers is FF and Ltd. These legal entities are
present in all zones: FF in the North 28%, Center 19%, South 21%, Ltd in the North -23%, Center
20%, South -5%. Since PhP operations, are not legally registered organizations and do not provide
reports to regional Statistical Departments, they are generally excluded from data reported by official
statistical sources. However, as identified in this survey they account for more than two-thirds of the
total plastic greenhouse production area in Moldova, and therefore need to be taken into account
when making national development plans and when implementing the Food Safety System on indoor
production of vegetables and supply local consumers.
0%5%
21%
0%
71%
3%
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
C OOP L td FF IE PhP Other
Fig. 11 Distribution of area for protected cultivation of vegetables by type of business
organization, South zone of Moldova
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The largest area (in hectares) of glass greenhouse (79.8%) is used by Ltd type of legal entities, while
the majority of plastic greenhouse area (66.8%) is farmed by PhP (table 3.1). FF more often uses low
tunnels and land covered with agril, 45.8% and 41.9% respectively.
Table 3.1 Distribution of different types of construction area for indoor cultivation of vegetables by type
of business organization, ha
Type of business organizationsType of construction
COOP Ltd FF IE PhP OtherTOTAL
0.10 32.22 1.02 6.00 0.99 0.05 40.38Glass greenhouse
0.2% 79.8% 2.5% 14.9% 2.4% 0.1% 100%
6.4 45.9 73.5 2.7 275.5 8.3 412.3Plastic greenhouse
1.6% 11.1% 17.8% 0.6% 66.8% 2.0% 100%
1.2 1.1 4.4 0.4 2.5 0.0 9.6Low tunnels
12.5% 11.6% 45.8% 3.9% 25.9% 0.3% 100.0%
2.0 26.3 34.4 2.3 14.9 2.1 81.9Area covered with
Agril 2.4% 32.1% 41.9% 2.7% 18.2% 2.6% 100%9.7 105.6 113.3 11.3 293.8 10.5 544.3
TOTAL1.8% 19.4% 20.8% 2.1% 54.0% 1.9% 100%
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Chapter IV: Growers and production area distribution by type of constructionfor covered cultivation of vegetables and farm size
For strategic development and efficient interventions to revitalize the Moldovan greenhouse sector, it
is important to identify the current target group of greenhouse growers and to analyze their distribution
by production area size. The table below shows the number of growers producing under different
types of construction and their distribution by size of production area (table 4.1).
Table 4.1 Grower distribution by type of covered area and production area size, 2008
Number of growers distribution by size of production areaType of protected
covered areaTotal
growers < 500 m2
500-999 m2
1000-4999m
2
5000-9999m
2
>1 ha
40 19 11 3 1 6Glass greenhouses
100% 47.5% 27.5% 7.5% 2.5% 15.0%
7,896 6,832 505 495 33 31Plasticgreenhouses 100% 86.5% 6.4% 6.3% 0.4% 0.4%
910 867 17 23 2 1Low tunnels
100% 95.3% 1.9% 2.5% 0.2% 0.1%
4,417 52 44 3,687 18 616Area covered withAgril 100% 1.2% 1.0% 83.5% 0.4% 14.0%
13,266 7,172 577 4,810 54 654Total
100% 54.1% 4.4% 36.3% 0.4% 4.9%
The inventory results show that there are only 40 glass greenhouses growers in Moldova. Of this total
26 are located in the center zone including nine in Ialoveni rayon, five in Anenii Noi, and four in
Chisinau. Eight glass greenhouses are located in the Southern zone: seven in Stefan Voda, and one
in Causeni (Annex III, table 4). Most of these glass greenhouse growers (30 farms) are very small
(
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land plots received during the privatization process (Annex III, table 5). Only a very limited number (31
growers) of plastic greenhouse growers have covered areas that are larger than one hectare in size.
Fewer than 1,000 growers use low tunnels for production of early vegetables (table 4.1). Low tunnels
are simple and inexpensive constructions, which make them affordable for small growers. This type of
construction is used for temporary crop protection against late spring frosts. It is important to mention
that the largest number of growers (867 growers or 95, 3%) that use low tunnels operate small land
areas of 1 ha
40.38 0.31 0.71 0.75 0.50 38Glassgreenhouses
100% 0.8% 1.7% 1.9% 1.2% 94.4%
412.3 213.46 32.29 79.04 20.31 67.22Plasticgreenhouses 100% 51.8% 7.8% 19.2% 4.9% 16.3%
9.6 2.07 1.08 4.49 1.00 1.00Low tunnels
100% 21.4% 11.2% 46.6% 10.4% 10.4%
81.9 1.28 2.59 15.89 9.40 52.78Area coveredwith Agril 100% 1.6% 3.2% 19.4% 11.5% 64.4%
544.27 217.12 36.66 100.16 31.21 159.12Total
100% 39.9% 6.7% 18.4% 5.7% 29.2%
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The majority (51%) of plastic greenhouse area is operated by very small growers that have less than
500 m2
production area. Growers that have a total production area greater than one hectare use only
16.3% of plastic greenhouse area.
Low tunnels are most common for mid size growing areas, with 46.6 % used by growers with
production area from 1000 to 4999 m2.
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Phase II: Inventory of the greenhouse sector - qualitativestudy of construction, input use, financial requirementsand projections
CHAPTERV:
GREEN
HOUSE
CONSTRUCTION
TYPE
This section describes issues related to the qualitative aspects of the Moldovan greenhouse sector as
identified by owners and managers included in the Phase II interviews. As the bulk of the indoor
vegetable production area is represented by glass and plastic greenhouse construction information
relating to low tunnels or area covered with agril is excluded. Information in this section is most useful
for the specialists in production and marketing of fresh market vegetables and for potential investors.
5.1. Basic crops grown in greenhouses
Tomato was the most common crop grown by greenhouse growers in 2008 (64% of the growers)
followed by cucumber (17%), sweet pepper (7%), early cabbage (4%) and radish (1%) (fig. 12). The
final seven percent of growers grew crops including lettuce, parsley, dill, egg plants, etc. It is useful to
mention that in 1980s cucumber was the main greenhouse crop (65-70%). That was the
parthenocarpic long type of cucumber sold mainly to export markets in other Soviet Union countries.
After Moldovan independence, the
market for this type of cucumber was
lost and local markets required more of
the short type cornichons or gherkins.
Profitability of these varieties is lower
than for the parthenocarpic cucumber
leading to the increase in tomato as the
major product supplied to the local
market.
Fig. 12 Basic crops grown in greenhouses, N=350
As it can be seen from table 5.1, the central geographical zone has the largest share of tomato grown
in greenhouses (72% of the respondents) compared to 57% in the South and 54% in the North.
Table 5.1 Basic crops grown in greenhouses, by zone
Total Cabbage Tomato Radish CucumbersSweetpepper
OtherGeographical Zone
Count %Count
%Coun
t% Count % Count % Count %
Count
%
North 123 100 0 0 70 57 0 0 29 24 7 6 17 14
Center 144 100 4 3 104 72 3 2 14 10 11 8 8 6
South 83 100 11 13 45 54 0 0 18 22 8 10 1 1
64%
17%
7%
4%1%
7%Tomato
Cucumbers
Sweetpepper
Cabbage
Radish
Other
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5.2. Greenhouse construction types
Moldovan growers use different frame types, shapes and sizes. Construction materials selected by
farmers take into consideration the crop to be grown, production season, heating possibilities and
financial resources. Moldova growers use a large number of different types of greenhouse
constructions and for easy classification they are grouped by shape of the frame: arch and gable
shape. Each of these frames can be erected as single construction or can be gutter connected (block
type).
Fig. 13 Single arched greenhouse. Interconsult-MD Ltd, Criuleni
Analysis of the type of greenhouses construction reveals that 58% of greenhouses are single arch
shaped frame (fig.13). Another 28% are single greenhouse with gable roof, and 13% are arched
gutter connected (block type) constructions (fig.14). Only 1% of greenhouses are block type with a
gable roof (fig.15).
Fig. 14 Distribution of greenhouse by type of construction, N=350
58%
13%
28%
1%Archedsingle
Archedblocktype
Singledoubleslant
Doubleslantblock type
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Fig. 15 Plastic covered arched block type of greenhouse, Asconi Ltd. Geamana village,Anenii Noi
As shown in table 5.2 the preferred type of greenhouse construction differs from one geographical
zone to another. The great majority of greenhouses in North (56%) are of the single construction with
gable roof, which is much more than the average in the country (28%). The share of the single arched
greenhouses in North is a little lower than the average in the country (42% compared to 67% in the
center and 65% in the South). Single greenhouse construction with gable roof are less used by large
growers (18% vs. 28% on average) and more often by small and medium ones.
Table 5.2 Greenhouses type, multi-factor analysis
Single withgable roof
Block typegable roof
Single archedBlock type
archedTotal
Count N % Count N % Count N % Count N %Coun
tN %
Center 18 13 3 2 96 67 27 19 144 100
North 69 56 - - 52 42 2 2 123 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 10 12 2 2 54 65 17 20 83 100
Small 56 31 - - 97 53 29 16 182 100
Medium 32 27 3 3 72 61 11 9 118 100Size
Large 9 18 2 4 33 66 6 12 50 100
Metal 27 14 2 1 150 80 8 4 187 100Green HouseStructure Wood 70 43 3 2 52 32 38 23 163 100
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Tomato producers tend to use double-layered polyethylene film more often than producers of other
vegetables (24% vs. 2-5%). The extra insulating protection provided by the double layer enables
growers to start the season about 15-20 days earlier than with single layer film.
Building materials such as: metal, wood, plastic posts, concrete are used for greenhouse construction.
The most common greenhouse construction frame is made of metal pipe/profile and wood bars. The
data indicates that in 53% of the cases the greenhouse frame is made of metal, and in 47% of wood
(fig.17).
53% 47%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Metal Wood
Fig. 17 Greenhouses frames construction material, N=350Large producers tend to use metal frame more often (60%) than wood (table 5.4). This is because
large greenhouses are designed for long-term commercial production and entail a larger initial
investment cost that is depreciated over a longer time period and managed in a more professional
manner than the smaller ones that represent a lower investment and less intensive production.
Table 5.4 Size of the farm and material used for greenhouse construction*
Total Metal Wood
SizeCount % Count % Count %
Small 182 100 93 51 89 49
Medium 118 100 64 54 54 46
Large 50 100 30 60 20 40
Less than one present of all metal greenhouse frames are galvanized, the rest of the metal
constructions are covered with paint or are unpainted, which reduces significantly the expected life of
the plastic covering.
5.4. Greenhouse age profile
More than 90% of the greenhouses were built since Moldova gained independence. Forty-three
percent were built from 1 to 5 years ago, and an additional 27% were built 5 to 10 years ago.
Eighteen percent were built 10 to 20 years ago and other 7% are more than 20 years old (fig.18) and
were built during the Soviet era. Finally, 5% of the greenhouses were less than one year old.
Unfortunately, the collected data does not permit developing a trend of the total greenhouse area
construction size during the last years, because of the absence of the reliable information on the
reference point and also a lack of information about the area of greenhouses that were demolished.
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5%
43%
27%
18%
7%Lessthan1year
15years
510years
1020years
Morethan 20years
Fig. 18 Greenhouses age, N=350
No new greenhouses were constructed during the past year in the Southern zone. In the Center, the
number of new constructed greenhouses in the last year is twice high as in the North (table.5.5). In
addition, there were no recently built gable block type greenhouses and greenhouses covered with
polycarbonate. Currently most growers prefer to build arched roof greenhouses covered with one
layer of plastic film. New greenhouses built by small growers between 2003 and 2007 were twice as
numerous as medium sized growers, but the number of new greenhouses completed by small and
medium size growers during the past year are the same.
Table 5.5 Greenhouse age, multi-factor analysis
Less than 1year
1-5 years 5-10 years 10-20 yearsMore than 20
years
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %Center 12 8 65 45 31 22 22 15 14 10
North 5 4 54 44 31 25 25 20 8 7Geographical
ZoneSouth - - 33 40 32 39 16 19 2 2
Small 8 4 89 49 50 27 26 14 9 5
Medium 8 7 42 36 33 28 27 23 8 7Size
Large 1 2 21 42 11 22 10 20 7 14
Arched single 11 5 94 47 45 22 36 18 16 8
Arched block type 4 9 23 50 11 24 5 11 3 7
Single double slant 2 2 35 36 35 36 20 21 5 5
Green HouseType
Double slant block type - - - - 3 60 2 40 - -
One layer polyethylenemembrane
12 4 139 46 82 27 53 17 19 6
Double layeredpolyethylene membrane
4 10 13 32 11 27 9 22 4 10
Glass 1 33 - - - - 1 33 1 33
Coveringmaterial
Polycarbonate - - - - 1 100 - - - -
5.5. Origin of greenhouse construction material in Moldova
Most greenhouses were built mainly using own materials (88%), and another 10% were bought ready-
made (fig. 19). Current owners received only 2% of the greenhouses as part of the privatization
process.
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88%
10%2% Assembledfromownmaterials
Boughtreadymade
Recieveditasprivatizationshare
Fig. 19 Origin of greenhouse construction materials, N=350
The above figures are consistent with data presented earlier showing that smaller scale growers who
make up the large majority of growers tend to use their own construction materials. It may alsoindicate that the supply infrastructure of greenhouse frames is not sufficiently developed or offered by
commercial companies greenhouse constructions or are too expensive. Multi-factor analysis of the
data shows that growers from the North (table 5.6) are more likely to buy ready made greenhouses
than the average in the country (14% vs. 10%).
Table 5.6 Greenhouse construction material origin, multi-factor analysis
Bought readymade
Assembledfrom ownmaterials
Received it asprivatization
shareTotal
Count % Count % Count % Count %
Center 20 14 119 83 5 3 144 100
North 9 7 111 90 3 2 123 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 6 7 77 93 - - 83 100
Small 8 4 171 94 3 2 182 100
Medium 14 12 103 87 1 1 118 100Size
Large 13 26 33 66 4 8 50 100
Arched single 30 15 169 84 3 1 202 100
Arched block type 1 2 42 91 3 7 46 100
Single double slant 2 2 93 96 2 2 97 100
GreenhouseType
Double slant block type 2 40 3 60 - - 5 100
Less than 1 year 3 18 13 76 1 6 17 100
1-5 years 12 8 138 91 2 1 152 100
5-10 years 9 10 85 90 - - 94 100
10-20 years 8 13 53 84 2 3 63 100
Greenhouseage
More than 20 years 3 13 18 75 3 13 24 100
Gable block type greenhouses are more likely to be purchased than other types (40% vs. 2-15%).
This can be explained by the fact that these are more complex constructions that are difficult to build
with own producers materials. Growers with large areas under greenhouse cover, also tend to buy
ready-made greenhouses more often (26% vs. 10% on average). In addition, the share of purchased
greenhouses is higher among the recently constructed ones (18%) so we can suggest that it may be
a trend in future to buy greenhouses rather than to build them.
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82%
7%
5%5% 1%
W o od Natu ralG as S tra w C oa l D ies elOil
5.6. Type of fuel used for greenhouse heating
Nearly half (43%) of the respondents indicated that their greenhouses are unheated (fig. 20). The rest
of growers are heating the greenhouses mainly for temporary crop protection against late spring
frosts. It is important to understand the type of fuel being used and the expectation for future types of
fuel use. The data indicates that 82% of respondents heat with wood. In addition, heating fuel used
includes natural gas (7%), straw (5%) and coal (5%) and diesel oil about 1% (fig. 21).
Fig. 20 Growers use of heat Fig. 21 Type of fuel for heating greenhouses
As shown in table 5.7 producers from South tend to heat greenhouses less than average in the
country (53% not heated vs. 47% in average). This can be explained by higher average temperature
in the region and growers need less energy to produce early vegetables.
Table 5.7 Multi-factor analysis of fuel used for greenhouse heating in Moldova
Wood Natural Gas Straw Coal Diesel Oil Not heated Total
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count % Count %
Center 70 49 7 5 6 4 8 6 - - 53 37 144 100
North 64 52 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 43 123 100Geographic
al ZoneSouth 32 39 4 5 2 2 1 1 - - 44 53 83 100
Small 85 47 6 3 5 3 2 1 1 1 83 46 182 100
Medium 62 53 2 2 3 3 7 6 - - 44 37 118 100Size
Large 19 38 6 12 1 2 1 2 - - 23 46 50 100
Cabbage 10 67 - - - - - - - - 5 33 15 100
Tomato 95 43 10 5 5 2 5 2 - - 104 47 219 100
Radish 1 33 - - 1 33 - - - - 1 33 3 100
Cucumbers 32 52 - - 3 5 4 7 - - 22 36 61 100
Sweetpepper 17 65 1 4 - - - - - - 8 31 26 100
Basic Crop
Other 11 42 3 12 - - 1 4 1 4 10 38 26 100
One layerplastic film
144 47 11 4 7 2 5 2 1 - 137 45 305 100
Doublelayered film
22 54 3 7 2 5 5 12 - - 9 22 41 100
Glass - - - - - - - - - - 3 100 3 100
Coveringmaterial
Polycarbonate
- - - - - - - - - - 1 100 1 100
Large producers more often than average heat greenhouses with natural gas (12% vs. 4%).
Greenhouses with double layered polyethylene film are heated more often (78%) compared with
greenhouses covered with other type of material. It is also worth mentioning that 95% of growers thatheat their greenhouses heat only the air while the remaining 5% heat both air and soil (fig 22). Subsoil
57%
43%
Heated Unheated
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heating systems are very efficient methods of heating substrata where the plant roots are developing,
but they are rather expensive, which explains the limited number of growers heating the soil in which
they grow vegetables.
95% 5%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Air Air and Soil Soil
Fig. 22 Greenhouse media that is heated, N=200
5.7. Period of use for greenhouse structures
Only 6% of the greenhouse growers indicated that their greenhouses were used in January to initiate
the winter-spring crop. Almost half of the respondents (47%) start using greenhouses in March,
another 28% start their activity in April, 14% start in February and 4% in May (table 5.8).Table 5.8 Period when growers start greenhouse use for growing different vegetable crops, 2008
Month when starting greenhouse useCrop
Jan Feb Mar Apr Mai
Cabbage 21% 42% 37% 0% 0%
Tomato 5% 8% 43% 39% 4%
Radish 4% 43% 52% 0% 0%
Cucumbers 5% 5% 60% 29% 2%
Sweet pepper 0% 0% 59% 18% 24%
Other 13% 31% 50% 6% 0%
All 6% 14% 47% 28% 4%
Efficient greenhouse use during the season is the key to successful greenhouse production. Of the
growers that plant cabbage, 21% indicate that planting starts in January with 42% planting in
February and 37% in March. Most other vegetables are first planted in March, including 43% of
tomato; 52% radish; 60% of cucumbers and 59% of sweet pepper. In addition, 43% of radish growers
start planting in February. Most frequently respondents end greenhouse production activity in October
(24%) and November (23%). Another 35% of interviewed farmers complete greenhouse cropping in
July, August and September (fig. 23).
9%
4%
11%
13%
11%24%
23%
5% 5th
month6thmonth
7thmonth
8thmonth
9thmonth
10thmonth
11thmonth
12thmonth
Fig. 23 The ending month of greenhouse use, N=350
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CHAPTERVI:INPUTSUPPLYLEVELANDQUALITYOFPRODUCTIONMATERIALS
This chapter identifies grower perceptions of the availability of suppliers of ready-made greenhouses,
types of available greenhouses, quality and price factors, frame and covering materials, availability of
seeds, fertilizers and pesticides and identifies major problems related to production inputs including
water and greenhouse heating. Respondents were asked to evaluate supply levels on a 5-point scale,
where 1 represents extremely poor and 5 represents excellent.
Table 6.1 Availability and quality of inputs for greenhouse production
Input DescriptionNumber
ofsuppliers
Assortment Quality Price
1 Readymade greenhouses frames 4.01 4.03 4.03 2.03
2 Materials for the building greenhouse frames 4.24 4.18 4.10 1.98
3 Covering materials 4.39 4.39 4.23 2.034 Seeds 4.45 4.47 4.06 2.11
5 Pesticides 4.12 4.15 4.13 2.06
6 Fertilizers 4.21 4.19 4.20 2.13
Table 6.1 provides scores for the perceived availability of suppliers and all production inputs, their
assortment and quality. All scores are higher than 4.0, suggesting that growers have a high
perception of the availability of input supplies and their quality. However, the consistent low ranking of
the price variable indicates that the majority of respondents believe that prices are too high (averaging
2.05).
Producers estimation of the availability of suppliers differs minimally from region to region and
averages 4.2. An exception is the three Southern rayons (Gagauzia, Cahul, Taraclia), where
respondents scored the availability of pesticides at 3.0.
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CHAPTERVIII:PRODUCTIONOFVEGETABLES
This chapter describes greenhouse sector production issues including seedling production and use,
method of cultivation and number of crops grown per year. The information can be useful for the
sector professionals and marketing specialists.
8.1. Preference of the greenhouse growers for local and foreign varieties
Foreign varieties of vegetable are more popular for greenhouse growers than local varieties: more
than half of the respondents (54%) buy foreign seeds (fig. 24). Only 5% of growers indicated that they
use both foreign and local varieties.
41%
54%
5%Localsorts
Foreignsorts
Bought,localandforeignsorts
Fig. 24 Preference of greenhouse growers for local and foreign varieties
A correlation between geographical zone and preference of greenhouse growers for local or foreign
varieties was not identified (table 8.1). However, small-scale producers tend to use more local
varieties/ hybrids 54%, while the large producers tend to use more foreign ones 74%. In addition,
local cabbage and cucumber varieties are less popular than foreign varieties (87% foreign cabbage
varieties and 72% foreign cucumber varieties). All radish varieties are foreign along with 58% of
tomato varieties, but foreign sweet pepper the foreign seedlings are used often than local varieties
(38% foreign varieties).
Table 8.1 Local and foreign variety use, multi-factor analysis
Local varietiesForeign
varietiesNCount % Count %
Center 144 73 51 81 56
North 123 54 44 70 57Geographical Zone
South 83 34 41 56 67
Small 182 99 54 94 52
Medium 118 46 39 76 64Size of farm
Large 50 16 32 37 74
Cabbage 15 2 13 13 87
Tomato 219 106 48 127 58
Radish 3 - - 3 100
Cucumbers 61 19 31 44 72
Sweet pepper 26 17 65 10 38
Basic Crop
Other 26 17 65 10 38
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8.2. Use of seedlings for vegetable production in greenhouses
Most farmers grow seedlings themselves (83%), the rest buy young plants from other growers or from
specialized nurseries.
Greenhouse growers use seedlings produced by different methods. The majority use seedlings grown
in containers, but 17 % responded that they use bare root seedlings (fig. 25). Most seedlings (58%)
used for greenhouse production of vegetables are grown in plastic pots, being strong and well
developed plants at the nursery stage. In addition, 30% of farmers use tray seedlings.
30
9
58
17
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Tray seedlings Claettes
seedlings
Pot seedlings Bareroot
seedlings
%
Fig. 25 Type of seedlings used for planting vegetables in greenhouses.
8.3. Media for growing vegetables in greenhouses
In the majority of cases (51%) substrata for growing vegetables in greenhouses consist of nutritive
mixtures of different organic and mineral ingredients, and another 47% use the natural soil on which
the greenhouse was built (fig. 26). It is worth noting that only 2% of respondents use artificial
substrate (fig. 27) such as perlite or rock wool.
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Fig. 26 Glass greenhouse tomato in soil culture, Pro Caspar Ltd, Speia village
2%
47%51%
Soil Soil mixture Artificial substrate
Fig. 27 Substrates used for growing vegetables in greenhouses
8.4. Number of crops cultivated per year
More than half (52%) of greenhouse growers cultivate only one crop per year (fig. 28). Another 36%
of respondents grow two crops per season and 12% stated that they grow three crops.
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36%
12%
52%
One crop Two crops Three crops
Fig. 28 Distribution of greenhouse growers by number of crops grown per year
The primary crop for first rotation or grown during an entire season is tomato, cultivated by 56% of
respondents, another 15% grow cucumber (fig. 29). Tomatoes and cucumbers are planted 41% and
27% of the time respectively as a second crop. Growers that successively grow three crops per year
most often plant cabbage, tomato or sweet pepper (22% each) as the third crop. Another variation is
planting a first crop of seedlings for sale to other growers followed by vegetables for fresh market
sales. Tomato is the main crop under these rotations as well.
7
5
22
56
41
22
7
4
8
15
27
19
5
16
22
10
6
8
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Oneculture,
N=348
Twocultures,
N=164
Threecultures,
N=37
Cabbag e Tom atto R adish Cucum bers S weetpepper Other Fig. 29 Share of different vegetables grown per each crop
Tomato t
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CHAPTERIX:GROWERSEDUCATIONANDSOURCESOFINFORMATION
This chapter describes the professional/technical skill levels of greenhouse vegetable producers, their
level of specialized studies and the possibility to access professional technical information. This
information can be useful for the providers of extension services, educational institution and mass
media.
9.1. Level of professional/technical education
The level of professional/technical knowledge of greenhouse growers can influence overall business
efficiency. The data indicates that the majority of greenhouse growers (68%) do not have any
professional/technical education (fig. 30). At the same time, 18% have graduated from an agricultural
college and 13% hold a university degree in agriculture or related agricultural science.
68%
18%
13%
1%
No studies Collage education University education Other
Fig. 30 Distribution of greenhouse growers by level of professional/technical education
A higher proportion of greenhouse vegetable producers from the North do not have specialized
technical education than in the Center or South (75% compared with 66% and 60% respectively)
(table 9.1). Moreover, 12% of growers in the North have university education compared with 17% in
the Center and only 7% in the South.
Table 9.1 Professional education of greenhouse growers, multi-factor analysis
No studies CollegeUniv.
educationOther Total
Count % Count % Count % Count % Count N%
Center 82 66 21 17 21 17 - - 124 100
North 88 75 16 14 14 12 - - 118 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 44 60 21 29 5 7 3 4 73 100
Small 129 73 30 17 16 9 1 1 176 100
Medium 68 64 21 20 15 14 2 2 106 100Size
Large 17 52 7 21 9 27 - - 33 100
Large-scale greenhouse growers more often have a higher education and hold a university diploma
(27%), than do small and medium growers (9% and 14% respectively). This suggests that larger scale
growers are more commercially and market oriented and regularly tends to hire specialists with higher
education and professional knowledge.
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9.2. Growers attendance at specialized training courses
Fifty-three percent of the respondents indicated that they attended specialized courses on growing
vegetables in protected areas, the other 47% did not attend any kind of training (fig. 31). It is worth
mentioning that of all 350 respondents only one person showed no interest in attending such courses.
53% 47%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Yes No I don't need
Fig. 31 Participation of greenhouse growers on professional training courses
The detailed analysis (table 9.2) shows that all greenhouse producers from the North indicated that
they attended specialized courses in greenhouse management compared with 24% in the Center and
31% in the South. One reason for the high attendance may be that there are fewer growers in this
region and extension service providers may also be more active and able to organize courses for a
larger proportion of growers. As discussed earlier while there is a high concentration of greenhouse
growers in the Center the available consulting and training providers can not cover all of them.
Table 9.2 Grower participation on professional training courses, multi-factor analysis
I don't need No Yes Total
Count % Count % Count % Count %
Center - - 109 76 35 24 144 100
North - - - - 123 100 123 100Geographic
al ZoneSouth 1 1 56 67 26 31 83 100
Small - - 91 50 91 50 182 100
Medium 1 1 51 43 66 56 118 100Size
Large - - 23 46 27 54 50 100
One layer polyethylene membrane 1 0 152 50 152 50 305 100
Double layered polyethylenemembrane
- - 10 24 31 76 41 100
Glass - - 2 67 1 33 3 100
Coveringmaterial
Polycarbonate - - 1 100 - - 1 100
Mainly small producers attend specialized courses (91%) and there is an opposite correlation in
dependence of the greenhouse size (66% of medium and 27% of large producers attended such
courses). This can be explained by the fact that larger companies can afford to directly hire more
university prepared professional staff and fewer growers require additional consulting or training.
It is also interesting to note that 76% of the producers who use double-layered polyethylene film
attended specialized courses. Possibly, the choice of this covering is a result of attending of training
courses and receiving useful information about this type of cover as efficient method of saving energy
on greenhouse vegetable production.
9.3. Possession and availability of specialized literature for greenhouse growers
Not all of farmers can participate on training courses, but having technical reference material at home
can assist them to improve their greenhouse business. Specialized literature includes guides,
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textbooks, recommendations, information newsletters and periodical publications. About 77% out of
350 respondents mentioned that they have specialized literature at home, but 23 % stated that they
have no any literature on vegetable production in covered areas (fig. 32).
77% 23%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Yes No
Fig. 32 Possession of professional literature
The figures from table 9.3 show that 92% of producers from the North said that they have specialized
literature available, which is far above the average of 73%.
Table 9.3 Possession of specialized literature, multi-factor analysis
Yes No Total
Count % Count % Count %
Center 96 67 48 33 144 100
North 113 92 10 8 123 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 59 71 24 29 83 100
Small 133 73 49 27 182 100
Medium 89 75 29 25 118 100Size
Large 46 92 4 8 50 100
Large companies have more specialized literature than the smaller ones (92% vs. 73% on average)
Of those not having literature, only 6% declared that they do not need specialized literature (fig. 33).
94% 6
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
I need I don't need
Fig. 33 Interest of greenhouse growers to have specialized literature
It was observed that half of the large-scale growers said they do not need additional literature,
because most of them already have sufficient specialized literature.
To the question regarding the sufficiency of specialized literature 40% of respondents stated that
there is enough, while other 50% think the opposite (fig. 34).
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40%
10%
50%
Yes
Don'tknow
No
Fig. 34 Availability of professional literature
The data shows that 64% of producers from the North indicate that local bookstores carry an
insufficient amount of specialized technical literature (table 9.4) compared with 34% in the Center and
57% in the South. Table 9.4 shows that producers from the North have more literature in their private
libraries than producers from the rest of the country. This reinforces previous information that growersin the North attend more specialized training courses than growers from the other zones. The
combination of an already quite high access to technical literature with the indication of a lack of
availability suggests that growers in the North have a higher professional interest and willingness to
improve their knowledge than growers in the other two regions.
Table 9.4 Availability of specialized literature, multi-factor analysis
Yes Don't know No Total
Count N % Count N % Count N % Count N %
Center 70 49 25 17 49 34 144 100
North 37 30 7 6 79 64 123 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 34 41 2 2 47 57 83 100
Small 63 35 25 14 94 52 182 100
Medium 52 44 8 7 58 49 118 100Size
Large 26 52 1 2 23 46 50 100
Cabbage - - 3 20 12 80 15 100
Tomato 107 49 22 10 90 41 219 100
Radish 1 33 2 67 - - 3 100
Cucumbers 17 28 4 7 40 66 61 100
Sweet pepper 8 31 - - 18 69 26 100
Basic Crop
Other 8 31 3 12 15 58 26 100
A somewhat different picture emerges when the availability of specialized literature is sorted by crops
as 80% of those who cultivate cabbage, 69% of those cultivating sweet pepper and 66% of those
cultivating cucumber indicate that there is insufficient literature available. However, only 40% of
tomato producers are not satisfied with the amount of available technical literature.
9.4. Availability of consulting services
The study also obtained some indications about the main consulting service providers to greenhouse
growers using a multiple response question. At the aggregate level growers indicate that they rely
mostly on individual experts and consultants for technical information (45%) or on ACSA regional
offices (35%). In addition, 12% of the respondents address AGROinform offices, and other 16%
address universities and agricultural research institutions (fig. 35).
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8
2
8
1
36
12
5 5
45
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
Agr.
University
Agr.
Colledges
Inst.of
Scientific
Research
Academyof
Sciences
ACSAOffices Agroinform
Offices
PDBA/CNFA
Project
Farmers
Federation
Consultants/
Individual
Experts
Other
Fig. 35 Consulting services provided to greenhouse growers, %, N=260
Table 9.5 provides a disaggregated analysis of grower access to consulting services. Growers from
the Center and the North (55% and 51%) hire individual consultants compared to 23% in the South.
However, 49% and 42% respectively of growers in the North and South also rely on ACSA regionalconsultants, compared to only 23% in the Center. By size, 49% of the large-scale growers, 45% of the
mid-scale growers, but only 35% of the large-scale growers rely on individual experts or consultants.
However, large-scale growers are more likely to use University experts (14%) compare to 9% of mid-
scale growers and 6% of small-scale growers.
Table 9.5 Grower access to consulting services, multi-factor analysis
Agra.University
Agr.Colleges
Inst. ofScientific
Res.
Academyof
Sciences
ACSAOffice
s
Agra.Office
s
PDBA/CNFA
Project
FarmersFed
Consultants/
IndividualExp.
OtherN*
N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %Center 115 14 12 2 2 16 14 1 1 27 23 11 10 3 3 8 7 63 55 32 28
North 79 5 6 2 3 4 5 - - 39 49 17 22 9 11 2 3 40 51 21 27Geographical
ZoneSouth 66 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 28 42 2 3 1 2 3 5 15 23 21 32
Small 131 8 6 4 3 10 8 2 2 41 31 17 13 5 4 4 3 64 49 35 27
Medium 92 8 9 2 2 8 9 - - 39 42 9 10 6 7 6 7 41 45 27 29Size
Large 37 5 14 - - 3 8 - - 14 38 4 11 2 5 3 8 13 35 12 32
* N count, number of respondents
These data further support the higher use of available technical resources in the North where 51% of
respondents use individual experts and consultants and 49% used ACSA consultants. In the Center
55% used independent experts but only 23% used ACSA regional consultants while in the South only
23% indicated that they used independent consultant but 42% used ACSA regional consultants.
Somewhat surprisingly, however, 49% of the small-scale growers indicated that they used
independent experts and 31% of them used ACSA consultants in comparison to 45% and 42%
respectively for mid-size growers and 35% and 38% for large-scale growers. While ACSA advisors
have a reasonably good reputation among medium size vegetable growers (42%), at the same time
they need to increase their exposure to small-scale growers, as only 31% of small growers stated that
they use at present ACSA service.
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9.5. Visits to other greenhouses growers
A good source of new experience and knowledge are visits to other growers, which can be individual
visits or visits to field days, seminars or other training events. Visiting other growers enables
producers to share experiences and progress with similar growers and this can lead to development
of grower networks that may be useful for developing common industry policy positions. At the
national level, 78% of respondents have made visits such aiming to acquire practical knowledge from
other greenhouse growers (fig 36). At the regional level, 82% of growers in the North and Center
indicate that they have visited other growers compared with 65% in the South.
78% 22%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Yes No
Fig. 36 Greenhouse growers making visits to other similar farmers, %, N=349
Table 9.6 Grower visits to other greenhouse growers, multi-factor analysis
Yes No Total
Count N % Count N % Count N %
Center 118 82 26 18 144 100
North 101 82 22 18 123 100Geographical
ZoneSouth 53 65 29 35 82 100
Respondents also indicated that most often they visit producers from the same region (67%) or other
regions of the country (53%) with 15% also visiting greenhouses abroad (fig. 37).
67
53
15
0
20
40
60
80
Local Inother
regions In
other
countries
Fig. 37 Location of greenhouse growers visited by respondents, %, N=252Table 9.7 Visits to other green house farmers, multi-factor analysis
LocalIn otherregions
In othercountriesN
Count N % Count N % Count N %
Center 119 81 68 62 52 14 12
North 90 75 83 46 51 19 21Geographical
ZoneSouth 43 13 30 26 60 5 12
Small 132 91 69 59 45 11 8
Medium 82 55 67 49 60 15 18Size
Large 38 23 61 26 68 12 32
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