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Receivers Design:Receivers Design:CASE STUDIES
Hesam Amir-Aslanzadeh Email: [email protected]
Dr. Edgar Sánchez-SinencioHesam Amir-Aslanzadeh Email: [email protected]
Dr. Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio
Analog and Mixed Signal Center (AMSC), Texas A&M Universityhttp://amsc.tamu.edu, May 8th 2008
3rd Austin Conference on Integrated Systems & Circuits 20083rd Austin Conference on Integrated Systems & Circuits 2008
An Invited TalkAn Invited Talk
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Purpose:
Discussing Receiver Design DecisionsArchitecturesTechnology
Future TrendsApplicationsTechnologyStandards
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Outline
Introduction: Wireless Revolution?Architecture SelectionCase Studies:
Radios Designed in AMSCRecent TrendsEmerging TechnologiesConclusion
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Source: Intel; Martin Cooper (ArrayComm)
Wireless Revolution?
Moore’s Law: number of transistors double every 2 yearsCooper’s Law: Spectrum efficiency doubles every 2 ½ yearsWireless systems cost per delivery halves almost every 5 years
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
Moore's Law
Cooper's Law
Wireless System Cost
USD
($)
Spec
trum
Effi
cien
cy
Num
ber
of T
rans
isto
rs
1
1 trillion
$1 Million
$0.01
2300
1 billion
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Wireless Standards
Data Rate Range Cost
WiMax 15 Mb 5 km $8
3G 14 Mb 10 km $6
WiFi 54 Mb 50-100 m $4
Bluetooth 700 kb 10m $1
ZigBee 250 kb 30m $4
UWB ~400Mb 5-10m $5
RFID 1-200kb 0.01-10m $0.04
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Direct Conversion
High level integration.No image rejection required.Less components, possible low power consumptionDC offset.Flicker Noise
0 ω0
ωLO
0
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Low IF Receiver
High level integration and possible low power designFlicker noise less significant in signal bandDC offset can be easily removedImage rejectionFolded-back interference
0 ω0
ωLO
0 ωIF
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Bluetooth Receiver6 Ph.D. Students, 1 Faculty
Chameleon Receiver7 Ph.D. Students, 1 Faculty
Ultra-Wideband Receiver
4 Ph.D. Students, 2 Faculty
ZigBee Transceiver6 Ph.D. and 1 M.S. Students, 1 Faculty
MICS Transceiver4 Ph.D. Students, 1 Faculty
Millimeter-waveDual standard Receiver
2 Ph.D. Students, 2 Faculty
RadiosDesigned in
AMSC(2001-2008)
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Data rate/Range
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BluetoothApplications
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LNA
AGC ADC
AGC ADC
90
PLL
LNA 90
PLL
AGC ADC
Bluetooth Architectures
Direct-Conversion ReceiverDC offset and flicker noise problem: 99% of signal power is within DC to 430kHz.A fast settling AGC may be required for GFSK demodulation.
Low-IF ReceiverGreatly alleviated DC offset and Flicker noise problem.Relaxed image rejection requirement (~33 dB).
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AMSC Bluetooth*
ISM BandGFSK SignalLow-IF QuadratureAnalog demodulator
No ADC, No AGC* W. Sheng, B. Xia, A. Emira, C. Xin, A. Valero-López, S. Moon, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “A 3-V, 0.35um CMOS Bluetooth Receiver IC” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 1, Jan. 2003
LNA 90o
PLL
RFFilter
LowNoise
Amplifier
RSSISynthesizer
and VCO
ComplexFilter
GFSKDemodulator
DC OffsetCancellation
Mixers
Limiter& RSSI
Digital BitStreams2.45GHz
2.45GHz
2 MHz 2 MHz
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Chameleon(Bluetooth/WiFi)
Applications
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Standard comparison
Bluetooth Wi-Fi
RF Frequency 2.4GHz 2.4GHz
Sensitivity -70dBm -80dBm
Maximum Signal -20dBm -4dBm
Modulation GFSK CCK
Data rate 1Mb/s 1, 2, 5.5, 11Mb/s
Channel Bandwidth 1MHz 22MHz
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Chameleon* (Wifi /Bluetooth)
Direct conversion allows for maximum block sharingShared RF front-end and programmable baseband componentsProgrammable channel selection filter with constant linearityAC coupled VGA with constant output offsetOn-chip time-interleaved pipeline ADC
* A. A. Emira, A. Valedes-Garcia, B. Xia, A. N. Mohieldin, A. Y. Valero-López, S. T. Moon, C. Xin, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “Chameleon: A Dual-Mode 802.11b/Bluetooth Receiver System Design” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 53, No. 5, May 2006
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Ultra WidebandCommunication
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Ultra-Wideband Communication
UWB ApplicationsCertified wireless USB
Hub and dongle adapter kitsEmbedded laptop solutionsReal Time Location System
Late take-off in 200740,000 units shipped in 2007400,000,000[1] predicted by 2013Tremendous potential in handsetsPossibility of integration w/ Bluetooth
[1] ABI Research prediction
Wireless USB (Courtesy of Belkin)
RTLS System (Courtesy of MultiSpectral Solutions)
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Pulse-based UWB
Short burst of electromagnetic energyEfficient battery useMulti-path fading immunitySecureHigh Crest factor (PAR)Not immune to ISI
ApplicationsRadar/Imaging (1-100M Pulse/S)Precision Asset localizationRFIDCommunication (1-2G Pulse/S)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Frequency [GHz]
Nor
mal
ized
-1 0 1Time [ns]
Nor
mal
ized
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MB-OFDM UWB
7500 MHz divided into 14 bands of 528 MHzOnly first Band Group is mandatoryAll-band receiver is challenging
Range of frequencies to be generated spans several gigahertzSwitch time between different bands within band group should be less than 9.5ns
* C. Mishra, A. Valedes-Garcia, F. Bahmani, Anuj Batra, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, J. Silva-Martinez,“Frequency Planning and Synthesizer Architectures for Multiband OFDM UWB Radios” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 53, No. 12, December 2005
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AMSC UWB*
Direct Conversion ReceiverFull implementation from LNA to ADCIncludes on-chip rejection of interference in the 5.2GHz U-NII band (WLAN)On-Chip Synthesizer generates the 11 required carriers
* A. Valedes-Garcia, C. Mishra, F. Bahmani, J. Silva-Martinez, E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “An 11-Band 3-10 GHz Receiver in SiGeBiCMOS for Multiband OFDM UWB Communications” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 42, No. 2, April 2007
`
LNA with5.2 GHz Notch PGA
PGALPF
LPF
I Q
11 Bands 3.7-10.1GHzFrequency Synthesizer
Linear PhaseAnalog Base Band
FixedPLL
Notchtuning
1 GS/s
6bit I&Q
ADCs
8.448GHz
528MHz
I&QMixer
PLL & VCO
LNA + Mixer& Notch Filter
FrequencySynthesizer
Filter VGA
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Maximum conversion gain 78-67 dB
Noise figure across bands 5-10 dB
IIP3 for band group 1 (worst case) -9 dBm
Baseband group delay variation <0.6 nS
Active area 5.6 mm2 including pads
Current consumption 114 mA
Supply voltage 2.5 V
Package QFN
Technology IBM 6HP 0.25um SiGe
First 3-10GHz MB-OFDM UWB receiver.Features first 3-10GHz 11 band fast switching frequency synthesizer.First UWB receiver beyond 5GHz demonstrated in package
Highlight of Experimental Results
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ZigBee Applications
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AMSC ZigBee Transceiver*
Very low-power standardDirect Conversion / ISM BandOQPSK Signal w/ sine-wave shapingAnalog Mo/Dem
CoherentNon-Coherent
PA
LPF
LPF
1.5 MHz
1.5 MHz
LNA
QI
BPF
BPF
100 kHz -1.5 MHz
100 kHz -1.5 MHz
VGA
VGA
Moduator/
DemodulatorSynthesizer
I Q
* Under fabrication; Team Members: Faisal Hussien, Hesam A. Aslanzadah, Sang Wook Park, Didem Turker, Rangakrishnan Srinivasan, Felix Fernandez, Mohamed Mobarak, Gang Bu, Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio
Integer-N SynthesizerSwitching-Type PA
Constant-envelope signal
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Recent Trendsin Wireless Technologies
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Recent TrendsMulti-Standard Transceivers
Multifunctional, Multi-band, Concurrent radiosAdaptive Radios
Software-Defined RadioBaseband blocks
ReconfigurableProgrammablePower-Adjustable
High IntegrationAntenna integration at millimeter-wave frequencies
Wearable devicesUltra low-power reliable RF/Analog
MIMOIEEE 802.11n, WiMax, …
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Emerging Technologies
Concept: Quantum tunnelingLow-Cost MIM technologyPhiar Inc. models fT of 1.8 THz for MIIMIM transistors to be produced in 2008“Amorphous and compatible with a wide range of substrate materials”
Single chip CMOS 60-GHz transceiver possible w/ digital CMOS and integrated antenna + front-end in MIM
Electron Tunneling used in a Diode(Source: Phiar.com)
Metal1 Metal2Insulator
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance(A)
Bias Voltage
Ener
gy (e
v)
9.8
10.3
10.8
11.3
11.8
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Emerging Technologies
Concept: Green WirelessNo Battery, No wireBuilding/Home/Industrial AutomationRadio Module
Energy Scavenging: 50uWRange: 300m (free field) / 30m(Building)868MHz (license free) / 315MHz (less crowded)Data rate: 125kbps
How?Avoid over-crowded ISM band (2.4GHz)ASK / 1% duty cycleMultiple short telegrams (1ms) w/ checksum
Torre Espacio Building,Madrid, is automated using self-powered wireless network of 4200 switches, 13500 addressable luminaries and 4500 blinds
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Emerging TechnologiesConcept: Artificial VisionUsing
Video cameraImage processor + transmitterSelf-powered wireless receiver
Energy ScavengingReceiving Processed Video DataUltra-low powerMICS unlicensed frequency (400 MHz)
Second Sight(Argus II) 16 Electrode Device
Intelligent Medical Implants AG 50 Electrode Device
Pictures Courtesy of Second Sight and Intelligent Medical Implants
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Emerging Technologies
Wireless HD (High Definition)Three contenders:
UWB (MBOA)IEEE 802.11n60 GHz license-free waveband
4000/25000392500760 GHz74/24822400.67IEEE 802.11n200/480-45201.5 (1 BG)UWB
Data rate [Mbps]
Typ./Max.Pmax [dBm]
Channel BW[MHz]
Available Spectrum[GHz]
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Medical Implant Communications Service*
* Under Tape-out; Team: Félix O. Fernández-Rodríguez, Mohamed S. Mobarak, Mohammed M. Abdul-Latif, Jincheng Li, KwisungYoo, Edgar Sánchez-Sinencio
Possible scenario where patient conditions can be addressed remotely in real time using both implanted
and wearable devices
`
Hospital
Implanted devices
Wearable devices
Wearable base station
Concept: Wearable Communication device$40B Market by 2011Implantable Medical Devices (IMD)
Heart diseasesNeurological disorders, …
402-405MHz band
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LNA
LO
FrequencySynthezier
Mixer
Complex Image Rejection
Filter
Pre-Amplifier & Limitter
Demodulator
SAW Filter
Architecture:
Measured and simulated return loss for stacked implantable planar inverted-F antenna implanted into different biological tissue
Why 402-405 MHz?Good radio propagation characteristic within human body (less return loss)Suitable to meet MICS requirements (e.g. size, power, antenna performance and relaxed receiver design)
-106dBmSensitivity> 250 kbpsData rate
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AMSC MM-wave Receiver*
Project GoalsDesign/Implementation of a dual band receiver for the ISM(24GHz)and LDMS(31GHz) bands The receiver should comply with IEEE802.16 standard
MM-wave Dual Band receiverThe RF front-end is reusedSub-harmonic mixing to reduce LO frequencyBand selection is preformed at IF
* Under Design; Team: Mohamed El-Nozahi, Ahmed Amer, Kamran Entesari and Edgar Sanchez-Sinencio
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Conclusion
Wireless applications in all areas of our lives
Cartoons courtesy of The Economist (by Bell Mellor)
Medical, Environmental, Communication, House Automation, Security, …
Different architectures for varying applications
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Thank YouQ&A