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Reconstruction
US History
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Reconstruction
• 1865-1877• Rebuilding of the country: economy
and government• 2 main objectives:
– Readmit Southern states to Union– Grant rights to freed slaves
• Very political issue: competing plans for the future of the country.
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Even before the end of the war…
• 1863 Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation– Freed all slaves in only
Confederate areas.– Symbolic gesture, but
unenforceable.– After Proclamation, number of
African American troops swelled in the Union.
– Proclamation lessened chances of getting aid from Europe.
Look at map!
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3 competing plans
• Lincoln’s:– Assumed that southern states
never really left.– Pardoned southerners who swore
oaths to the US again.– Recognized new southern state
govts if 10% of those who voted in 1860 took oaths AND state constitutions abolished slavery.
– Open to suggestions from Congress.
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Johnson’s Plan
• Vice President Andrew Johnson (now President)– Variation on Lincoln’s:– Recognized 4 southern state
govts and prepared to readmit others.
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Radical Republicans• Controlled Congress.• Very harsh terms for Reconstruction• Johnson ignored them; Republicans
tried to impeach him.– House impeached, but Senate didn’t
approve it by 1 vote shy of 2/3 needed.
• The process castrated him politically.
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Henry Wilson
Senate, R-MAQuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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Andrew Johnson
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Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan
• South divided into 5 military districts controlled by US Army while new state govts and constitutions were set up.
• State govts had to give African Americans right to vote.
• Southern states had to ratify 14th Amendment.– Former Confed officers and
govt officials could not vote.
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State Govts during Reconstruction
• White southerners tried to reassert control of state and local govts.– Tried to limit the freedom and
movement of former slaves.
• Radical Reconstruction restricted them.– Former Confed leaders (mostly
Dems) were barred from office and voting.
– Republicans headed state govts, supported by African Americans.
– African Americans were elected to office
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African AmericanCongressmen
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Resentment
• White southerners resented – Radical Reconstruction.– New Reconstruction govts.– Role of African Americans in govt.
• New epithets (terms of abuse):– Scalawags: white southern
Republicans in the Reconstruction govts.
– Carpetbaggers: Republican northerners who came to the South to partake in Reconstruction.
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New Constitutional Amendments
• 13th (1865): abolished slavery• 14th (1868):
– All native-born or naturalized--including African Americans--were citizens.
– States can’t limit rights of citizens without due process
– Rights of former Confed officers and govt officials were limited.
– Fed govt will pay Civil War debts; Confed debts were declared void.
• 15th (1870): states can’t prevent citizens from voting because of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
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Grant• 1868 - 1st presidential
election after war– General Ulysses S. Grant ran
and won (as a Republican)• Great military man, but lousy
politician and govt leader.
• Scandals galore! Corruption rampant!
• Business owners paid bribes in the booming economy to politicians in return for favors.
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Scandals during Grant Administration
• Credit Mobilier Scandal: – railroad officials swindled stockholders
then bribed Congressmen to block investigation.
• Salary Grab: – Congress voted itself 50% pay hike and
added 2 year back pay. Repealed because of public outrage.
• Whiskey Ring: – Whiskey distillers paid bribes to fed tax
collectors instead of paying tax on liquor.
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End of Reconstruction
• Republican party was weakened by scandals.
• By 1870s most white southern males voted Democrat in reaction to Radical Reconstruction.– For next 100 years Democratic Party
voted Democrat: the “solid South”
• Republican Party was still strong in North and Midwest.– Pro business and farmer; for tariffs and
tight money supply,.
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1876 Election
• 1876 Presidential Election– Samuel Tilden D-NY v.
Rutherford Hayes R-OH– Tilden won popular, but electoral
votes were contested.– Special electoral commission
“recounted the votes” and gave the election to Hayes.
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Election Fiasco led to Compromise of 1877
• Democrats went along with electoral commission in return for promises:– Fed troops had to leave the
South (Reconstruction was over).
– Southerner had to be named to Cabinet
– Federal spending on improvements to the South.
• Result: North’s political victory was weakened; Southern power was restored.
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White Control in South• White southerners tried to roll back
political advances of African Americans through…– Black Codes: based on old slave
codes; aimed at keeping blacks in slave-like condition.
• [Reason why Radical Republicans took Radical approach to Reconstruction.
– Secret Societies: Ku Klux Klan formed to intimidate African Americans. Feds used US Army to put down KKK. But by 1900 on the upturn…
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White Control in South– Poll Taxes: tax on voting; if you
were poor, you couldn’t vote. Affected poor African Americans.
– Literacy Tests: had to prove you could read and write to vote--like interpreting the Constitution. African Americans with no schooling had hard time passing.
• Freedman’s Bureau of 1865 established schools, but program did not last long. Southern states forced African Americans into separate, poorly funded schools.
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White Control of South– Grandfather clauses: exceptions
for poor illiterate whites so that they could vote.
• If you are son or grandson of a man who voted in 1867, you didn’t have to pay poll tax or pass literacy tax.
– Jim Crow laws: segregation! Separated people on basis of race. African Americans couldn’t share railroads, schools, water fountains with whites. QuickTime™ and a
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Where was the Supreme Court in all this?
• It didn’t interfere with white efforts to control South.– 1883 Civil Rights Cases:
• 13th Amendment abolished slavery but didn’t prevent discrimination.
• 14th Amendment prevented discrimination by govt but not by individuals.
– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):• Segregation was legal as long
as African Americans had access to “equal but separate” facilities.
• Doesn’t get overturned until Brown v. Board of Ed in 1954!
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