Download - Reproduction in plants: A Short Description
![Page 1: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Reproduction – The production of new individuals from their parents is known as reproduction.There are two modes of reproduction in plants as :-1.Asexual reproduction2.Sexual reproduction
![Page 5: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Asexual Reproduction – The type of reproduction in which new plants arise without the formation of seeds.It is of following types :-1.Vegetative Propagation2.Budding3.Fragmentation4.Spore Formation
![Page 7: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A. Vegetative Propagation :-The type of reproduction in which new plants arise from vegetative parts of the plant is called vegetative propagation.
o In this type of reproduction, new plants arisefrom pre – existing parts of the plant.
o The examples can be as :-•Stem in rose, sugarcane, potato & ginger.•Leaves in bryophyllum.•Roots in sweet potato and dahlia.
![Page 8: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bryophyllum Rose
Potato Ginger
![Page 9: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
B. Budding :- The reproduction which occurs through the formation of buds is called budding.
o Bud – The small bulb like projection coming outfrom cell is called budding.
o The bud gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and forms new cell.
o The process of budding can be seen in yeast.
![Page 10: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Budding in Yeast
![Page 11: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
C. Fragmentation :- The type of reproduction in which a cell breaks up into two or more fragments.
o These fragments grow into new individuals.
o The mode of budding can be seen in algae.
![Page 12: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fragmentation in Spirogyra
![Page 13: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
D. Spore Formation :- The reproduction through the formation of spores is called spore formation.
o The spores are asexual reproductive bodies.o Under favourable conditions, a spore germinates
and developso into a new individual.o Reproduction through spore formation takes
place in mosses and ferns
![Page 14: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Spore Formation in Fern
![Page 15: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Sexual Reproduction – The type of reproduction in which new plants arise with the formation of seeds.In this type of reproduction, the reproductive parts of a plants i.e. flowers are involved.Flower consists of two parts as :-A.AttractiveB.Reproductive
![Page 17: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Attractive Parts – Those parts which attract insects towards them and which protect the flower are called attractive parts. •There are two attractive parts namely :-1.Petals2.Sepals
![Page 18: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Petals – The soft, bright and colourful parts of a flower are called petals.They attract insects towards them for pollination.
Sepals – The harder green parts of a flower below the petals are sepals.They protect the flower from the external dangers.
Petal
Sepal
![Page 19: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Reproductive Parts – Those parts of the flower which help in reproduction are called the reproductive parts of a flower.There are two reproductive parts namely :-1)Stamen (Male part)2)Pistil (Female part)
![Page 20: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stamen – The male reproductive part of a flower is called the stamen.A stamen consists of two parts. They are :-I.AntherII.Filament
Stamen
![Page 21: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Anther – A small stage like part of the stamen is called anther.It holds the pollen grains on it.
Anther
Filament – A stick like structure below the anther is called filament.
It holds the anther above it.
Filament
![Page 22: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Pistil – The female reproductive part of a flower is called pistil.A pistil consists of three parts. They are –
a)Stigmab)Stylec)Ovary
Pistil
![Page 23: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stigma – A small stage like part of pistil is called stigma.It holds the pollen grain which falls on it during pollination.
Stigma
Style – A tube like part connecting the stigma and ovary is style.Pollen tube grows in it during fertilisation.
Style
Ovary – A small ball like structure under the style is called ovary.It consists of ovules.
Ovary
![Page 24: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
On the basis of presence of reproductive parts, flowers are of two types. They are :-
Unisexual – Consist either stamen or pistil but not both. E.g. Corn, papaya & cucumber.
Bisexual – Consist both stamen and pistil. E.g. Mustard, rose & petunia.
Unisexual Papaya Flower Bisexual Mustard Flower
![Page 25: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
These are the parts of reproductive parts of a flower.They are of two types :-
i.Male Gametes – These are produced by pollen grains and are found on the anther.ii.Female gametes – These are found in the ovule of the plant. It is also called egg.
In fertilisation the male and female gametes fuse to form the zygote.
![Page 26: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The process of transfer of pollen grains from stamen of a flower to pistil of the same or different flower is called pollination.It is of two types as :-
a.Self Pollinationb.Cross Pollination
![Page 27: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Self PollinationThe transfer of pollen grain from the anther of a flower to
the pistil of the same flower is called self pollination.In this case, mostly the pollination occurs easily without any
external agency.It takes place only in bisexual flowers.
![Page 28: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cross PollinationThe transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to
the pistil of another flower is called cross pollination.In this case, an external agency such as insects is a must.It can take place in unisexual as well as bisexual flowers.
![Page 29: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
i. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilisation.
ii.After fertilisation, a new cell is formed.iii.The cell which results after fusion of the
gametes is called zygote.iv.The zygote further develops to form an
embryo.
![Page 30: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Fertilisation (Zygote Formation)
![Page 31: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1. Fruit – The ovary, after fertilisation, grows into a fruit.The ripened fruit is ovary.
2. Seed - The ovules, after fertilisation, grows into seed.The seed contains an embryo inside a tough seed coat.
![Page 32: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
1. A same kind of plant grows in different places. It is due to the process of seed dispersal.
2. The process of carrying of seeds from one place to another is called seed dispersal.
3. Their are many modes of seed dispersal either by wind, by water, by some animals or by blasting.
![Page 33: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Through AirSome seeds have wing like structures or are extremely light and hence flow away with wind.Examples of such seeds are Drumstick, Maple
Some seeds have hairy structure which helps in their movement like sunflower.
Seeds of DrumstickSeeds of Maple
![Page 34: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fruit of Sunflower
![Page 35: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Through Water1. Some seeds are dispersed through water.2. These fruits or seeds usually develop floating
ability in form of spongy or fibrous outer coat.3. The example of such a way of dispersal is of
coconut.
Seed of Coconut
![Page 36: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
By Animals1. Some seeds are dispersed by animals.2. These are spiny seeds with hooks.3. They get attached to the body of animals and are carried to distant
places.4. Examples are of seeds of Xanthium and Urena (Caesar’s Weed).
Seed of Xanthium Seed of Urena (Caesar’s Weed)
![Page 37: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
By Blasting1. Some seeds are dispersed when the fruit bursts with
sudden jerks.2. These seeds are scattered far from the parent plant.3. Examples are of seeds of Castor and Balsam.
Balsam seed and its covering
![Page 38: Reproduction in plants: A Short Description](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042607/559dfede1a28ab5b098b480a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)