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Research Methodology Part I
Presented by:
Sanya Shahid
Sadaf Gul
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Clarifying the Research Questions
Discover the Management Dilemma
Define Management Questions
Define Research Questions
Refine the Research QuestionsExploration Exploration
Research Proposal
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An Exploration typically begins with a search of published data. In addition, researchers often seek out people who are well informed on the topic, especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem.
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A Research proposal is similar in a number of ways to a project proposal; however, a research proposal addresses a particular project: academic or scientific research. The guidelines for research proposals are generally more exacting than less formal project proposals. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of need for the research study being proposed.
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Purpose of the research proposal1. To inform the reader of nature of your proposed research.
2. To convince the reader, especially supervisors and reviewers, of the value of your proposed research.
3. To demonstrate your expertise and competency in a particular area of study.
4. To plan the research project and provide a step-by-step guide to the tasks necessary for its completion.
5. To request support from individuals and agencies who provide supervision, oversight or funding for the research project.
6. To contract with the agencies and individuals involved, including supervisors, foundations and participants in the research team.
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Types of Research Proposals
Internal Research Proposal is done by staff specialists or by the research department within the firm
External Research Proposal sponsored by university grant committees, government agencies, government contractors, not-for-profit organizations or corporations
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Structure of the research proposal
Title Executive Summary Problem statement Research Objectives Literature Review Importance and Benefits of the Study Research Design Data Analysis Nature & form of Results Qualification of Researchers Budget Schedule Facilities & Special Resources Project Management Bibliography Appendix
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Design in Research Process
Research Design Strategy
(type, Purpose, time frame, scope, environment)
Data Collection Design
Sampling Design
Instrument Developing and Pilot Testing
Data Collection and Preparation
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Research Design
Research design constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is:
An activity- and time based plan A plan always based on the research question A guide for selecting sources and types of
information A framework for specifying the relationship among
the study variables A procedural outline for every research activity
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Category Options
The degree to which the research question has been crystallized
Explanatory studyFormal Study
The method of data collection MonitoringCommunication Study
The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under the study
ExperimentalEx post facto
The purpose of the study Descriptive causal
The time dimension Cross SectionalLongitudinal
The topic scope- breadth and depth- of the study
CaseStatistical Study
The research environment Field settingLaboratory researchSimulation
The participants perceptions of research activity
Actual outlineModified routine
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Qualitative / Quantitative
Quality is the essential character or nature of something; Quantity is the amount
Quality is the what; Quantity the how much
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Exploratory
Exploration is useful when researchers lack a clear idea of the problems they will meet during the study. Through exploration researchers develop concepts more clearly, establish priorities, develop operational definitions and improve the final research design
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Exploratory Studies
Qualitative Techniques Secondary Data Analysis Experience Survey Focus Group Two-Stage Design
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Formalized Studies
In contrast to exploratory studies, these are those with substantial structure, specific hypothesis to be tested, or research questions to be answered.
DescriptiveCausal
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Descriptive/ Causal Descriptive studies are those used to
describe phenomenon associated with a subject population or to estimate proportions of the population that have certain characteristics.
Causal studies seek to discover the effect that a variable(s) has on another (or others) or why certain outcomes are obtained
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Secondary Researches
Moving from management question to research question….
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Exploratory Phase Search Strategy
1) Levels of Information
Primary Secondary Tertiary
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2) Types of Information Sources
Indexes Dictionaries Encyclopedias Handbooks Directories
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3) Evaluating Information Sources
Purpose Scope Authority Audience Format
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4) Searching a Bibliographic Database
Select a Database Save results of Research Retrieve articles
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5) Searching the World Wide Web for Information
6) Searching for Specific Types of Information on the Web
Known item searches Who searches Where searches What searches
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Qualitative research
Business research to understand how and why things happen…
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Qualitative research Methodologies1) Sampling (Non Probability) – Purposive, Snowball,
Convenience
2) Interviews – Unstructured, semi structured, structured
- Projective Techniques (word / picture association, sentence completion, cartoons, laddering or benefit chain, imagination exercises, brand mapping etc - Interviewer qualifications (interview or discussion guide, recruitment screener)
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3) Individual Depth Interviews (IDI) – CAPIs- life histories
4) Group Interviews – - Dyads, Triads, mini-groups, small groups, super
groups- Heterogeneous, Homogeneous- Experts, non-experts- Moderator’s Role- Focus Groups -> Telephonic, Online,
Videoconferencing
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Combining Qualitative Methodologies
- Case Study
- Action Research
Merging Qualitative & Quantitative Methodologies
- Triangulation
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Observation Studies
Involves listening, reading, smelling and touching…
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Types of observation
1) Non-behavioral observation- Record Analysis- Physical condition analysis- Process or activity analysis
2) Behavioral observation- Non-verbal behavior- Linguistic behavior- Extra-linguistic behavior – vocal, temporal,
interaction and verbal stylistic- Spatial relationship
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Evaluation of the observation method
1) Merits - Audience- Originality- Ignorant data- Natural occurrence- less biasness
2) Demerits- Missing event- Slow & expensive- Inference less- Uncontrollable environment- Connectivity from past to present
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The Observer-Participant relationship
1) Directness of Observation
- Direct observation
- Indirect observation
2) Concealment
3) Participation
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Conducting an Observation Study1) The Type of Study
- Simple observation- Systematic observation- observation checklist
2) Content Specialization – Factual / Inferential
3) Observer Training – concentration, detail oriented, unobtrusive, experience level
4) Data Collection – 4 Ws and How
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References
Donald R. Cooper & Pamela S. Schindler, Business Research Methods, ninth edition, the McGraw- Hill Companies.
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Thank you