Download - Resources and development
GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1
RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Holiday Homework
WHAT IS A RESOURCE???
Everything available in
our environment and which satisfy our
needs
It should be 1.)Technologi
cally accessible
2.) Culturally acceptable
3.) Economically
feasible
Like - Solar Cooker – It is technologically accessible but not culturally acceptable
CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
ORIGIN EXHAUSTIBILITY
OWNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Classification of resources on the basis
of
RESOURCES-ORIGIN• Obtained from
Biosphere and have Life
• Examples- Flora, Fauna, Fisheries, Livestock, Human Beings
BIOTIC
• All the things which are Composed of Non Living Things
• Examples- Rocks, Metals
ABIOTIC
RESOURCES-EXHAUSTIBILITY
Resources on the basis of Exhaustibility
Renewable These resources can be
renewed/recycled.
For ExampleSolar and Water Energy,
Forests etc.
Further Divided into
Continuous- Water and Wind
Flow-Natural Vegetation and Wildlife
Non Renewable
These resources cannot be renewed as they take million years to
form.
For ExampleMinerals, Fossil Fuels.
RESOURCES-OWNERSHIP
IND
IVID
UAL • The
resources which are owned privately by individuals.
• Example-Mobiles, Land. CO
MM
UN
ITY • The which
resources are accessible to all members of the society.
• Example-Public Parks, Playgrounds.
NAT
ION
AL • The resources which belongs to the government.
• Technically all resources belong to the nation.
• Example- Roads, Oceanic area up to 19.2km.
INTE
RNAT
ION
AL
• The resources belonging to international institutions.
• Example-Oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the EEZ.
RESOURCES-STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT
POTENTIAL
• Resources which are found in an region, but not have been utilized.
• Like Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential of solar and wind energy but not been used for some reasons.
DEVELOPED
• Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity is determined for utilization
• The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.
STOCK
• The resources which have potential to satisfy human needs but there is no technology to use are included among Stock.
• Like Water is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen which can be used as rich source of energy but there is technology to use it.
RESERVES
• They are subset of stock which can be use with existing technology but are conserved for the future generations.
• Like river water is used to a limited consent for generating electricity so that it can be used in future.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
It is the process of developing the resources in order to make them useful for satisfying human wants. Some resources cannot be used directly. They have to be processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land has to be cleared and ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken to the field to irrigate.
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES
Development of
Resources Essential for future
as resources
are limited in
supply
Exploitation
Unequal Distribut
ion
Ecological
Problem
Scarcity of
resources
Depletion of
resources
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
Held at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. First ever International Earth Summit. Aimed at addressing the problem of
environmental degradation and finding ways of protecting the environment. The declaration on global climatic change
and biodiversity was signed. The Global Forest Principles were adopted.
RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT, 1992
Aims at achieving global sustainable development.
For combating environmental damage, poverty and diseases through global cooperation.
Every country is supposed to formulate its own Agenda 21.
AGENDA 21
RESOURCE PLANNING
IDENDIFYING INVENTORY
OF RESOURCES
ECONOMIC AND
TECNOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
MATCHING RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Resource Planning is widely accepted
strategy for judicious use of resources.
It has importance in a country like India which has enormous diversity in
resources
HOW IS RESOURCE PLANNING DONE???
Land is the basic natural resource on which all other resources exist.
• India’s total land area: 3.28 million sq. km. Plains: 43% Mountains: 30% Plateaus: 27%
PLAINSMOUNTAINSPLATEAUS
LAND RESOURCES
1. Forests 2. Net sown area 3. Pastures 4. Housing 5. Roads 6. Barren and waste land 7. Culturable waste land 8. Fallow land 9. Area under miscellaneous trees, crops and
groves
National Forest Policy (1932) envisages 33% of the land area under forests in India. However, it is only 22%.
USES OF LAND
Causes Deforestation Over-grazing Mining and quarrying Over-irrigation Mineral processing Industrial effluents
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa are the states where deforestation, owing to mining activities, has resulted in the degradation of land.
In Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, the main cause of land degradation is over-grazing.
LAND DEGRADATION
LAND DEGRADATION
DEFORESTATION INDUSTRIAL WASTE
OVERUSE OF FERTILIZERS
QUARRYING OVERDRAZING MINING
Afforestation Proper management of grazing Stabilization of sand dunes Control of mining activities Proper discharge of industrial
effluents
METHODS FOR STOPPING
LAND DEGRADATION
LAND CONSERVATION
Afforestation
Planting Shelterbel
ts
Checking Over
irrigationTerrace Farming
SOIL AS A RESOURCE
Most important natural resource.
Medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organism on the earth.
Takes million of years to form soil up to a few cm in length.
FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION OF SOIL
Parent Rock Climate Vegetation
WindActivity of
Decomposition
Glaciers
Organic and Inorganic Materials
Temperature
CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
Colour Thickness
Chemical and
Physical Properties
Texture-Age
Classification on
the basis of :-
ALLUVIAL
BLACK
RED
LATTERITE
ARID
FOREST
ALLUVIAL SOIL
Very Fertile
Formed by the deposit [Sand and
Silt] brought by the rivers
Found in Northern Plains, Coastal Plains,
Deltas of Rivers
Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Oil
Seed
Rich in Potash and
LimeDeficiency in
Nitrogen
BLACK SOILBlack in Colour
Known as Regur Soil, Cotton Soil,
Lava Soil
Made up of lava flow [Breaking down of
igneous rocks]
Found in Maharashtra, M.P,
Chhattisgarh, Godavari and
Krishna Valleys
Good Capacity to hold moisture
Rich in Calcium Carbonate, Potash,
Lime
Deficiency in Phosphoric Content
Crack occurs when dry Sticky when wet
RED OR YELLOW SOIL
Porous Chores
Found in Eastern and
Southern part of Deccan Plateau
Formed by the denudation of Igneous and Metamorphic
Rocks
Rice, Pulse, Sugar Cane Rich in Iron
Deficiency in Nitrogen,
Humus, Lime
LATTERITE SOIL
Acidic Porous
Leaching by
Heavy Rainfall
Found in Western Ghats,
ShillongCoffee, Rubber, Cashew
Rich in Iron
Deficiency in Lime,
Potash
ARID SOIL
Formed by Weathering of
Rocks Rich in Salt Deficiency in
Humus
Dates, Melon, Bajra
Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujrat
FOREST SOIL
Found in Rainforest and Hilly
areas
Acidic in Nature
Deficiency in Humus
SOIL EROSIONThe denudation of the soil
cover and subsequent washing down is called SOIL
EROSION.• 1.) Human- Deforestation, Over
Grazing etc.• 2.) Natural- Wind, Glacier etc
Due to Human and Natural Factors
The processes of Soil Formation and Erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance
b/w the two.
• 1.) Gully Erosion• 2.) Sheet ErosionTypes :-
Contour Ploughing –Ploughing around the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes
Terrace Farming – Cutting out the slopes and making terraces
Strip Cropping –Strips of grass are left to grow b/w the crops. It breaks up the force of wind.
Planting Shelter Belts – Planting lines of trees to create shelter.
PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCE BY MAN
a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest
b. Resources got accumulated in the
hands of few people. The society is divided into rich and poor.
c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation are other problems.
IDEAS OF GANDHIJI ABOUT THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES.
• According to Gandhi, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.
• Greedy and selfish individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology are the root cause for resource depletion.
• He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with production by masses.
THANK YOU
MADE BY- AKSHIT SHARMA and ARJUN SINGH
Class: Xth C