GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-1

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Holiday Homework

WHAT IS A RESOURCE???

Everything available in

our environment and which satisfy our

needs

It should be 1.)Technologi

cally accessible

2.) Culturally acceptable

3.) Economically

feasible

Like - Solar Cooker – It is technologically accessible but not culturally acceptable

CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES

ORIGIN EXHAUSTIBILITY

OWNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

Classification of resources on the basis

of

RESOURCES-ORIGIN• Obtained from

Biosphere and have Life

• Examples- Flora, Fauna, Fisheries, Livestock, Human Beings

BIOTIC

• All the things which are Composed of Non Living Things

• Examples- Rocks, Metals

ABIOTIC

RESOURCES-EXHAUSTIBILITY

Resources on the basis of Exhaustibility

Renewable These resources can be

renewed/recycled.

For ExampleSolar and Water Energy,

Forests etc.

Further Divided into

Continuous- Water and Wind

Flow-Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Non Renewable

These resources cannot be renewed as they take million years to

form.

For ExampleMinerals, Fossil Fuels.

RESOURCES-OWNERSHIP

IND

IVID

UAL • The

resources which are owned privately by individuals.

• Example-Mobiles, Land. CO

MM

UN

ITY • The which

resources are accessible to all members of the society.

• Example-Public Parks, Playgrounds.

NAT

ION

AL • The resources which belongs to the government.

• Technically all resources belong to the nation.

• Example- Roads, Oceanic area up to 19.2km.

INTE

RNAT

ION

AL

• The resources belonging to international institutions.

• Example-Oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the EEZ.

RESOURCES-STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

POTENTIAL

• Resources which are found in an region, but not have been utilized.

• Like Rajasthan and Gujarat have potential of solar and wind energy but not been used for some reasons.

DEVELOPED

• Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity is determined for utilization

• The development of resources depends on technology and level of their feasibility.

STOCK

• The resources which have potential to satisfy human needs but there is no technology to use are included among Stock.

• Like Water is a compound of Hydrogen and Oxygen which can be used as rich source of energy but there is technology to use it.

RESERVES

• They are subset of stock which can be use with existing technology but are conserved for the future generations.

• Like river water is used to a limited consent for generating electricity so that it can be used in future.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

It is the process of developing the resources in order to make them useful for satisfying human wants. Some resources cannot be used directly. They have to be processed to make them useful for satisfying our wants. Ex: Land has to be cleared and ploughed for growing crops. Water has to be taken to the field to irrigate.

DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES

Development of

Resources Essential for future

as resources

are limited in

supply

Exploitation

Unequal Distribut

ion

Ecological

Problem

Scarcity of

resources

Depletion of

resources

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)

Held at Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. First ever International Earth Summit. Aimed at addressing the problem of

environmental degradation and finding ways of protecting the environment. The declaration on global climatic change

and biodiversity was signed. The Global Forest Principles were adopted.

RIO DE JANEIRO EARTH SUMMIT, 1992

Aims at achieving global sustainable development.

For combating environmental damage, poverty and diseases through global cooperation.

Every country is supposed to formulate its own Agenda 21.

AGENDA 21

RESOURCE PLANNING

IDENDIFYING INVENTORY

OF RESOURCES

ECONOMIC AND

TECNOLOGICAL

EVOLUTION

MATCHING RESOURCE

DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Resource Planning is widely accepted

strategy for judicious use of resources.

It has importance in a country like India which has enormous diversity in

resources

HOW IS RESOURCE PLANNING DONE???

Land is the basic natural resource on which all other resources exist.

• India’s total land area: 3.28 million sq. km. Plains: 43% Mountains: 30% Plateaus: 27%

PLAINSMOUNTAINSPLATEAUS

LAND RESOURCES

1. Forests 2. Net sown area 3. Pastures 4. Housing 5. Roads 6. Barren and waste land 7. Culturable waste land 8. Fallow land 9. Area under miscellaneous trees, crops and

groves

National Forest Policy (1932) envisages 33% of the land area under forests in India. However, it is only 22%.

USES OF LAND

Causes Deforestation Over-grazing Mining and quarrying Over-irrigation Mineral processing Industrial effluents

Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa are the states where deforestation, owing to mining activities, has resulted in the degradation of land.

In Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, the main cause of land degradation is over-grazing.

LAND DEGRADATION

LAND DEGRADATION

DEFORESTATION INDUSTRIAL WASTE

OVERUSE OF FERTILIZERS

QUARRYING OVERDRAZING MINING

Afforestation Proper management of grazing Stabilization of sand dunes Control of mining activities Proper discharge of industrial

effluents

METHODS FOR STOPPING

LAND DEGRADATION

LAND CONSERVATION

Afforestation

Planting Shelterbel

ts

Checking Over

irrigationTerrace Farming

SOIL AS A RESOURCE

Most important natural resource.

Medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organism on the earth.

Takes million of years to form soil up to a few cm in length.

FACTORS AFFECTING FORMATION OF SOIL

Parent Rock Climate Vegetation

WindActivity of

Decomposition

Glaciers

Organic and Inorganic Materials

Temperature

CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

Colour Thickness

Chemical and

Physical Properties

Texture-Age

Classification on

the basis of :-

ALLUVIAL

BLACK

RED

LATTERITE

ARID

FOREST

ALLUVIAL SOIL

Very Fertile

Formed by the deposit [Sand and

Silt] brought by the rivers

Found in Northern Plains, Coastal Plains,

Deltas of Rivers

Rice, Wheat, Cotton, Oil

Seed

Rich in Potash and

LimeDeficiency in

Nitrogen

BLACK SOILBlack in Colour

Known as Regur Soil, Cotton Soil,

Lava Soil

Made up of lava flow [Breaking down of

igneous rocks]

Found in Maharashtra, M.P,

Chhattisgarh, Godavari and

Krishna Valleys

Good Capacity to hold moisture

Rich in Calcium Carbonate, Potash,

Lime

Deficiency in Phosphoric Content

Crack occurs when dry Sticky when wet

RED OR YELLOW SOIL

Porous Chores

Found in Eastern and

Southern part of Deccan Plateau

Formed by the denudation of Igneous and Metamorphic

Rocks

Rice, Pulse, Sugar Cane Rich in Iron

Deficiency in Nitrogen,

Humus, Lime

LATTERITE SOIL

Acidic Porous

Leaching by

Heavy Rainfall

Found in Western Ghats,

ShillongCoffee, Rubber, Cashew

Rich in Iron

Deficiency in Lime,

Potash

ARID SOIL

Formed by Weathering of

Rocks Rich in Salt Deficiency in

Humus

Dates, Melon, Bajra

Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujrat

FOREST SOIL

Found in Rainforest and Hilly

areas

Acidic in Nature

Deficiency in Humus

SOIL EROSIONThe denudation of the soil

cover and subsequent washing down is called SOIL

EROSION.• 1.) Human- Deforestation, Over

Grazing etc.• 2.) Natural- Wind, Glacier etc

Due to Human and Natural Factors

The processes of Soil Formation and Erosion go on simultaneously and generally there is a balance

b/w the two.

• 1.) Gully Erosion• 2.) Sheet ErosionTypes :-

Contour Ploughing –Ploughing around the contour lines to decelerate the flow of water down the slopes

Terrace Farming – Cutting out the slopes and making terraces

Strip Cropping –Strips of grass are left to grow b/w the crops. It breaks up the force of wind.

Planting Shelter Belts – Planting lines of trees to create shelter.

PROBLEMS CREATED BY INDISCRIMINATE USE OF RESOURCE BY MAN

a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest

b. Resources got accumulated in the

hands of few people. The society is divided into rich and poor.

c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental degradation are other problems.

IDEAS OF GANDHIJI ABOUT THE CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES.

• According to Gandhi, “There is enough for everybody’s need and not for anybody’s greed.

• Greedy and selfish individuals and the exploitative nature of modern technology are the root cause for resource depletion.

• He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with production by masses.

THANK YOU

MADE BY- AKSHIT SHARMA and ARJUN SINGH

Class: Xth C