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Restoration successional trajectories, seed zones, and seed
production
Francis KilkennyUSDA FS Rocky Mountain Research
Station, Boise, ID
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The Great Basinand the sagebrush steppe
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www.greatbasinnpp.org
Great Basin Native Plant Project(GBNPP)
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Native Seed Collection Evaluation and Development
Initial Seed Increase
Seed ProductionSeed Storage
Restore Native Plant Communities
Native plant material restoration cycle
-Ecological diversity-Functional diversity-Genetic diversity
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0
5
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15
20
25
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
GBN
PP P
ublic
atio
ns p
er Y
ear
Conference Proceeding
Book Chapter
Journal Article
Great Basin Native Plant Project Publications
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2001-2014, the Great Basin Native Plant Project evaluated:
- 92 genera of native plant- 225 taxa- 80% are forbs
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The Great BasinTotal Area: 550,000 km2
Public Lands: 410,000 km2
Oregon Idaho
Nevada Utah
California
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Great BasinEcosystems
ConiferForest
Juniper woodland
Annual Precipitation50 mm 600 mm
750 m Elevation 4000 m
Sagebrush Artemisiatridentata
Salt desertshrubland
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Great BasinEcosystems
ConiferForest
Juniper woodland
Annual Precipitation50 mm 600 mm
750 m Elevation 4000 m
Sagebrush Artemisiatridentata
Salt desertshrubland
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Photo by: Famartin
Invasive and non-native speciesCheatgrass!
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Shaw et al. 2012, Rangelands
7.7 m hectares
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Arkle et al. 2014, Ecosphere
Habitat restoration is lagging
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Successional trajectories in
restoration
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Davies et al. 2017, Rangeland Ecology and Management
Introduced perennial bunchgrasses suppresses annual exotics…
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Nafus et al. 2015, Rangeland Ecology and Management
…But introduced perennial bunchgrasses can suppress desirable native grasses…
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McAdoo et al. 2017, Restoration Ecology
…And introduced perennial bunchgrass stands are hard to diversify after the fact…
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Ott et al., in review for Rangeland Ecology and Management
…But native perennials can also suppress annual exotic grasses…
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Ott and Kilkenny, unpublished data
…And native seedings are more likely to approach desired habitat conditions…
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…And native seedings are more likely to approach desired habitat conditions…
Ott and Kilkenny, unpublished data
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Seed zones
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Baughman et al., in review
Local adaptation is common in the Great Basin
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Species-specific
Neutralvariation
Quantitativevariation
Genecological/ provenvance
common garden
Reciprocal transplant
Ecological niche
modeling
Seed transfer guidelines
Bower et al. 2014. Ecological Applications, 24: 913–919
Empirical (genetic)
Generalized
St. Clair et al. 2013. Evolutionary Applications, 6: 933–948
Provisional
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Collect seed from many
sources
Grow families in a common environment
Measure many adaptive traits
Traits vs source environment
Douglas-Fir of Western OR and WA
December Minimum Temperature
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Com
bina
tion
of V
aria
bles
, Prim
arily
Gro
wth
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
GIS
Empirical seed zones are constructed using data from common garden studies
St. Clair et al. 2005 Annals of Botany
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Bluebunch wheatgrass genecological/
provenance study
USFS-RMRS-GSD, Matt Fisk
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Bluebunch wheatgrass genecology/provenance study
St. Clair et al. 2013. Evolutionary Applications, 6: 933–948
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Bluebunch wheatgrass genecology/provenance study
St. Clair et al. 2013. Evolutionary Applications, 6: 933–948
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Genetic diversity of native and source-identified populations
Massatti et al., in review for Evolutionary Applications
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Massatti et al., in review for Evolutionary Applications
Genetic structure of native populations
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Massatti et al., in review for Evolutionary Applications
Genetic structure of native populations
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Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Predict future pressures on existing and restored populations
Bluebunch future vulnerability map
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
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50
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70
2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162
Mar
gina
l hab
itat %
Pred
icte
d an
d m
easu
red
leaf
leng
th:w
idth
ratio
Annual heat moisture index
Non-marginal habitat
Marginal habitat
Test sources
Marginal habitat %
Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162
Mar
gina
l hab
itat %
Pred
icte
d an
d m
easu
red
leaf
leng
th:w
idth
ratio
Annual heat moisture index
Non-marginal habitat
Marginal habitat
Test sources
Marginal habitat %
Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162
Mar
gina
l hab
itat %
Pred
icte
d an
d m
easu
red
leaf
leng
th:w
idth
ratio
Annual heat moisture index
Non-marginal habitat
Marginal habitat
Test sources
Marginal habitat %
Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162
Mar
gina
l hab
itat %
Pred
icte
d an
d m
easu
red
leaf
leng
th:w
idth
ratio
Annual heat moisture index
Non-marginal habitat
Marginal habitat
Test sources
Marginal habitat %
Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162
Mar
gina
l hab
itat %
Pred
icte
d an
d m
easu
red
leaf
leng
th:w
idth
ratio
Annual heat moisture index
Non-marginal habitat
Marginal habitat
Test sources
Marginal habitat %
Kilkenny NAJ 2015
Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates
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Bluebunch wheatgrass reciprocal transplant
study
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mea
n an
nual
pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Bluebunch reciprocal transplant study sites
Prendeville et al. unpublished
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Growth shows evidence of local adaptation
1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
N1 N3a N4 N5 N6a N6b N7b S1 S3a S4 S5 S6a S6b S7b
Mea
n gr
owth
Yr1
to
Yr3
(mm
)
Common garden site
LocalNot local
Prendeville et al. unpublished
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Reproductive stalks shows evidence of local adaptation
1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
N1 N3a N4 N5 N6a N6b N7b S1 S3a S4 S5 S6a S6b S7b
20
16
Mea
n Re
prod
uctiv
e st
alks
Common garden site
LocalNot local
Prendeville et al. unpublished
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Seed production shows evidence of local adaptation
1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
N1 N3a N4 N5 N6a N6b N7b S1 S3a S4 S5 S6a S6b S7b
Mea
n fil
led
seed
s pe
r st
alk
Common garden sites
Local
Not local
Prendeville et al. unpublished
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Intermountain Common Garden Network
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Costs of common garden studies
40
20
10
Species 1 Species 2 Species 3
Hypothetical Training Hours per Technician
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
Species 1 Species 2 Species 3
Cumulative Field Season Cost
Site Maintence Vehicle Plug grow Technician Training
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1200
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Mea
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nual
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n (m
m)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Sites with staff/personnel
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m)
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Forest Service nurseries
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1000
1200
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n (m
m)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
NRCS Plant Materials Centers
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m)
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Various long-term research sites, universities
and federal
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m)
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Bluebunch reciprocal transplant sites with extra
infrastructure (fences)
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Mea
n an
nual
pre
cipi
tatio
n (m
m)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Developing more sites in Nevada
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Showy goldeneye (Heliomeris multiflora)
Thickleaf penstemon(Penstemon pachyphyllus)
Douglas' dustymaiden(Chaenactis douglasii)
Hoary tansyaster(M. canescens)
Nettleleaf horsemint (A. urticifolia)
Yellow beeplant(Cleome lutea)
Globemallow(S. grossulariifolia)
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Seed production
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Shock et al. 2016, HortScience
The importance of proper irrigation
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Species Common name Precipitation Seasons
Respond to irrigation?
Optimal total water (mm)
Irrigation over long-term average (mm)
Average optimized yield (kg/ha)
Astragalus filipes basalt milkvetch N/A No N/A N/A 47
Dalea ornata Blue Mountain prairie clover
Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 393 163 396
Dalea searlsiae Searls' prairie clover Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 412 182 412
Eriogonumheracleoides
parsnipflower or Wyeth buckwheat None Yes 126 126 353
Eriogonumumbellatum
sulphur-flower buckwheat Spring Yes 209 142 260
Lomatiumdissectum fernleaf biscuitroot Spring Yes 243 176 1097
Lomatium grayi Gray’s biscuitroot Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 358 128 950
Lomatiumnudicaule barestem biscuitroot N/A No N/A N/A 505
Lomatiumsuksdorfii
Suksdorf's desertparsley N/A No N/A N/A 1086
Lomatiumtriternatum nineleaf biscuitroot Spring Yes 282 215 1529
The importance of proper irrigation
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Malhuer Experiment Station: www.cropinfo.net
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Thank you!CollaboratorsBrad St. Clair, USFSHolly Prendeville, USFSJeff Ott, USFSRob Massatti, USGSBryce Richardson, USFSSteve Larson, ARSOwen Baughman, TNCBeth Leger, UNRJohn Proctor, USFSFred Edwards, BLMSarah Kulpa, USFWSDanny Summers, UDWRTyler Thompson, UDWRSteve Petersen, BYUClint Shock, OSU
FundingUSFS, BLM, GBNPP, NFP, JFSP, USFWS, GBLCC