restoration successional trajectories, seed zones, and ... · 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 2003. 2004....

Restoration successional trajectories, seed zones, and seed

production

Francis KilkennyUSDA FS Rocky Mountain Research

Station, Boise, ID

The Great Basinand the sagebrush steppe

www.greatbasinnpp.org

Great Basin Native Plant Project(GBNPP)

Native Seed Collection Evaluation and Development

Initial Seed Increase

Seed ProductionSeed Storage

Restore Native Plant Communities

Native plant material restoration cycle

-Ecological diversity-Functional diversity-Genetic diversity

0

5

10

15

20

25

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

GBN

PP P

ublic

atio

ns p

er Y

ear

Conference Proceeding

Book Chapter

Journal Article

Great Basin Native Plant Project Publications

2001-2014, the Great Basin Native Plant Project evaluated:

- 92 genera of native plant- 225 taxa- 80% are forbs

The Great BasinTotal Area: 550,000 km2

Public Lands: 410,000 km2

Oregon Idaho

Nevada Utah

California

Great BasinEcosystems

ConiferForest

Juniper woodland

Annual Precipitation50 mm 600 mm

750 m Elevation 4000 m

Sagebrush Artemisiatridentata

Salt desertshrubland

Photo by: Famartin

Invasive and non-native speciesCheatgrass!

Shaw et al. 2012, Rangelands

7.7 m hectares

Arkle et al. 2014, Ecosphere

Habitat restoration is lagging

Successional trajectories in

restoration

Davies et al. 2017, Rangeland Ecology and Management

Introduced perennial bunchgrasses suppresses annual exotics…

Nafus et al. 2015, Rangeland Ecology and Management

…But introduced perennial bunchgrasses can suppress desirable native grasses…

McAdoo et al. 2017, Restoration Ecology

…And introduced perennial bunchgrass stands are hard to diversify after the fact…

Ott et al., in review for Rangeland Ecology and Management

…But native perennials can also suppress annual exotic grasses…

Ott and Kilkenny, unpublished data

…And native seedings are more likely to approach desired habitat conditions…

…And native seedings are more likely to approach desired habitat conditions…

Ott and Kilkenny, unpublished data

Seed zones

Baughman et al., in review

Local adaptation is common in the Great Basin

Species-specific

Neutralvariation

Quantitativevariation

Genecological/ provenvance

common garden

Reciprocal transplant

Ecological niche

modeling

Seed transfer guidelines

Bower et al. 2014. Ecological Applications, 24: 913–919

Empirical (genetic)

Generalized

St. Clair et al. 2013. Evolutionary Applications, 6: 933–948

Provisional

Collect seed from many

sources

Grow families in a common environment

Measure many adaptive traits

Traits vs source environment

Douglas-Fir of Western OR and WA

December Minimum Temperature

-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Com

bina

tion

of V

aria

bles

, Prim

arily

Gro

wth

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

GIS

Empirical seed zones are constructed using data from common garden studies

St. Clair et al. 2005 Annals of Botany

Bluebunch wheatgrass genecological/

provenance study

USFS-RMRS-GSD, Matt Fisk

Bluebunch wheatgrass genecology/provenance study

St. Clair et al. 2013. Evolutionary Applications, 6: 933–948

Genetic diversity of native and source-identified populations

Massatti et al., in review for Evolutionary Applications

Massatti et al., in review for Evolutionary Applications

Genetic structure of native populations

Kilkenny NAJ 2015

Predict future pressures on existing and restored populations

Bluebunch future vulnerability map

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2 22 42 62 82 102 122 142 162

Mar

gina

l hab

itat %

Pred

icte

d an

d m

easu

red

leaf

leng

th:w

idth

ratio

Annual heat moisture index

Non-marginal habitat

Marginal habitat

Test sources

Marginal habitat %

Kilkenny NAJ 2015

Select appropriate sources for adaptation to future climates

Bluebunch wheatgrass reciprocal transplant

study

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)

Mean annual temperature (°C)

Bluebunch reciprocal transplant study sites

Prendeville et al. unpublished

Growth shows evidence of local adaptation

1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

N1 N3a N4 N5 N6a N6b N7b S1 S3a S4 S5 S6a S6b S7b

Mea

n gr

owth

Yr1

to

Yr3

(mm

)

Common garden site

LocalNot local


Reproductive stalks shows evidence of local adaptation

1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


20

16

Mea

n Re

prod

uctiv

e st

alks

Common garden site

LocalNot local


Seed production shows evidence of local adaptation

1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b 1 3a 4 5 6a 6b 7b

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18


Mea

n fil

led

seed

s pe

r st

alk

Common garden sites

Local

Not local


Intermountain Common Garden Network

Costs of common garden studies

40

20

10

Species 1 Species 2 Species 3

Hypothetical Training Hours per Technician

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

Species 1 Species 2 Species 3

Cumulative Field Season Cost

Site Maintence Vehicle Plug grow Technician Training

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


Sites with staff/personnel

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


Forest Service nurseries

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


NRCS Plant Materials Centers

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


Various long-term research sites, universities

and federal

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


Bluebunch reciprocal transplant sites with extra

infrastructure (fences)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Mea

n an

nual

pre

cipi

tatio

n (m

m)


Developing more sites in Nevada

Showy goldeneye (Heliomeris multiflora)

Thickleaf penstemon(Penstemon pachyphyllus)

Douglas' dustymaiden(Chaenactis douglasii)

Hoary tansyaster(M. canescens)

Nettleleaf horsemint (A. urticifolia)

Yellow beeplant(Cleome lutea)

Globemallow(S. grossulariifolia)

Seed production

Shock et al. 2016, HortScience

The importance of proper irrigation

Species Common name Precipitation Seasons

Respond to irrigation?

Optimal total water (mm)

Irrigation over long-term average (mm)

Average optimized yield (kg/ha)

Astragalus filipes basalt milkvetch N/A No N/A N/A 47

Dalea ornata Blue Mountain prairie clover

Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 393 163 396

Dalea searlsiae Searls' prairie clover Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 412 182 412

Eriogonumheracleoides

parsnipflower or Wyeth buckwheat None Yes 126 126 353

Eriogonumumbellatum

sulphur-flower buckwheat Spring Yes 209 142 260

Lomatiumdissectum fernleaf biscuitroot Spring Yes 243 176 1097

Lomatium grayi Gray’s biscuitroot Fall, Winter, Spring Yes 358 128 950

Lomatiumnudicaule barestem biscuitroot N/A No N/A N/A 505

Lomatiumsuksdorfii

Suksdorf's desertparsley N/A No N/A N/A 1086

Lomatiumtriternatum nineleaf biscuitroot Spring Yes 282 215 1529

The importance of proper irrigation

Malhuer Experiment Station: www.cropinfo.net

Thank you!CollaboratorsBrad St. Clair, USFSHolly Prendeville, USFSJeff Ott, USFSRob Massatti, USGSBryce Richardson, USFSSteve Larson, ARSOwen Baughman, TNCBeth Leger, UNRJohn Proctor, USFSFred Edwards, BLMSarah Kulpa, USFWSDanny Summers, UDWRTyler Thompson, UDWRSteve Petersen, BYUClint Shock, OSU

FundingUSFS, BLM, GBNPP, NFP, JFSP, USFWS, GBLCC

restoration successional trajectories, seed zones, and ... · 0. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 2003. 2004....

Documents