Download - Romanesque to Eclecticism
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HWA JIAM ROSARIO 1ID-4
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ROMANESQUE AND NORMAN PERIOD
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ROMANESQUE AND NORMAN
•11TH and 12th Century•Western Europe•Contains elements of Early Medieval, Carolingian and Byzantine Art.•Derived from Roman Art.
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Architecture1. The Round Arch
a. semi-circular – round arch whose intrados is a full semicircle
GREAT BRITAIN, DURHAM, CATHEDRAL
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Architecture• 1. The Round Arc
b. segmental – shallow arc;arc that is less than a semicircle
PERSIMMON HOMES
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Architecture• The Round Arch
c. stilted –arc begins above the impost line
ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN
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Architecture• The Round Arch
d. horseshoe arch- also calledmoorish arc and keyhole arc
The Reales Alcazares of Sevilla
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
a. chevron – zigzag
WORMS CATHEDRAL
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
b. nailheads- series of smallcontiguous projecting pyramids
St. Mary's Church, New Ross, County Wexford - Piscina
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
c. billet – formed by series of circular, cylinders, disposedalternately with notches
STRAGGLETHORPE
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
d. lozenges – tongue-like prostrusions- diamond shape
ROCHESTER
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
e. cable – imitation of rope or cord
BECKFORD
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Architecture• Mouldings and Ornamentations
f. star- also called chip-carved star, motive star flower, or saltire cross
ALHAMBRA
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Architecture• Capitals
a. Cushion- modeled like a bowl-also called block cushion or cubic capital
MICHAELSKIRCHE, HILDESHEIM
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Architecture• Capitals
a. Scalloped – each lunette is developed into several truncated cones.
ST. PETER’S CHURCH
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Architecture• Roofs
-over hung the walls for drainage purposes-supported by a cornice at the top of the wall
(gutters)-stood upon corbels
*corbel table – cornice & corbels
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Architecture• Roof
*Corbels *Parapet
*Corbel Table
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Architecture• Ribbed Vault – vault in which the surface is
divided into webs by a framework of diagonal arched ribs
*vault – an arched brick or stone ceiling or roof
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Architecture• Doorways
- inner arch was filled by a stone slab called a TYMPANUM which acted as the focal point of the ornament
ST. GERMANUS CHURCH OF THE BLESSED
KILPECK CHURCH VIRGIN MARY, SOMERSET
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals
- cruciform plan
* Latin cross plan – nave is longer *Greek Cross Plan – four equal arms
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals
- three horizontal stages
a. Ground floor arcade b. Triforium arcade
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Cathedrals
-clerestory arcade – comprisesa row of windows
-towers and steeples were simple, wide, low, richly ornamented on all fourfaces with arcading
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Monasteries-arrange around a quadrangle-sited just outside the city gates
a. churchb. cloisterc. dormitoryd. librarye. almonryf. infirmaryg. abbot’s lodging
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Monasteries
*Monastery of Saint-Martin-du-Conigou
France, 1001-26
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Castles
- first called as keep-stood on hills-started as defense structure
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Castles
Neuschwanstein Castle, GermanyCardiffe Castle,
England
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Architecture
FORMS OF ARCHITECTURE• Fortress
- buildings or structures designed for the defense of territories
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GOTHIC PERIOD
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GOTHIC• 12TH – 15TH Century• OPUS FRANGENICUM (French Work)• dating from after the Norman period but
before the renaissance.
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GOTHIC• Early English or Lancet
-made use of plain quadripartite ribbed vault, slender tower with spires and butresses
CATHEDRAL OF MILAN
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GOTHIC• Early English or Lancet
- windows were lancets
- developed TRACERY*trefoil*quatrefoil*cinque foil
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
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GOTHIC• Decorated
- two types of tracerya. geometric-motifs based upon thecircle and its components parts
b. curvilinear-complicated patterns
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GOTHIC• Decorated
- bar tracery
-stone vaulting1. intervening ribs2. lierne ribs
SAINT SEVERIN, PARIS
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GOTHIC• Perpendicular
-horizontal panel decoration (WAINSCOTING)-windows are vertically divided by MULLIONS-windows are horizontally divided by
TRANSOMS-the head may be enclosed by obtuse arch or
FOUR CENTERED ARCH
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GOTHIC• Perpendicular
-fan vaulting-timber roof-rose windows
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GOTHIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE1. Pointed arch- flexible than the round arch2. Ribbed vaulting to fan vaulting3. Thin pointed vaults supported by slender columns 4. Flying buttress- provide support at strategic
positions
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GOTHIC
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE5. Pinnacles- a small turret-like termination on top of buttresses, parapets or elsewhere, bunches of foilage called CROCKET6. Spire- the tapering termination of a tower7. Gables- Triangular position of wall8. Piers -clustered pillars were used instead of column9. Lierne ribs- flame like ribs branching from a main rib
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RENAISSANCE PERIOD
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RENAISSANCE
• French word meaning “rebirth”• Considered to be a cultural
movement • Rebirth of the art of classic antiquity
that occurred in Italy in the 14th C• Successfully adapted in France• Humanism was recognized
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Dante
-Dante Alighieri -Philospher, Scholar, Poet- The Divine Comedy
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Petrarch
-Francisco Petrarca-Philospher, Poet- Father of Humanism- Father of the Renaissance
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Boccaccio
-Giovanni Boccaccio-Poet, Storyteller- Decameron
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance Architecture
-largely inspired by the rediscovery of classical form s and principles
Examples:a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence• Filippo Brunelleschi- Bruneslleschi studied classical architecture in Rome- Architect, Engineer- Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:a. Dome of the Cathedral of Florence• Filippo Brunelleschi- Considered the founder of the Renaissance style- Devised a double shell structure- Gothic principle of construction- Corinthian orders- Pilasters and entablature
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:b. Ospedale Degli Innocenti (Foundling Hospital)- Brunelleschi- Built by Giovanni Medici for the poor, forgotten and
homeless- italian banker- founder of Medici Bank
- Symmetry of designs
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:c. Palazzo Medici-Ricardi (1444)- Architect Michelozzo under the instruction of Cosimo de
Medici-Michelozzo an italian architect & sculptor-Cosimo de Medici known as “Cosimo the Elder” &
“Cosimo Pater Patriae”- (16th C.) Michaelangelo added pedimented windows- (17th C.) bought by Ricadi Family
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:d. Palazzo Pitti (AD 1435)- Erected by Luca Pitti, a friend of Cosimo de Medici, is the
largest palace in Italy excepting Vatican- Luca Pitti was a florentine banker
- Symmetrical plan- Ashlar masonry
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RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1. Florentine• Renaissance ArchitectureExamples:e. Palazzo Rucellai• Leon Battista Alberti
- author, artist, poet, linguist, philosopher, cryptographerr
-Renaissance humanist polymath• Superimposed pilasters• Use of 3 different orders:
1. TUSCAN – ground2. COMPOSITE – second3. CORINTHIAN – third
• Alberti adapted the articulation of the Colisseum
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RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1. High Renaissance – Rome- Less concerned with rational order than the visual
effectiveness- Popes-Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael
Examples:a. Tempiettto - Donato Bramante (1441-1514)
- italian architect- St. Peter’s Basilica
- Small temple marked the spot of St. Peter’s crucifixion- More sculptural than architectural in the manner of Greek
temples- 15ft in diameter
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RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:b. Capitoline Hill• Campidoglio Rome 1564, Michelangelo
- Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni-Sculptural and humanistic-The Place of Senate, Conservatory, Capitoline
Museum (overlooking the plazza; in the center stands the statue of Marcus Aurelius)• Political center of Rome in Ancient times
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RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:b. Capitoline Hill• Plazza is an abstraction of the human figure
-long ramp=legs -capitoline museum=arms
-senator’s palace=head -oval=body-conservatory=arms -statue=navel
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RENAISSANCEA. ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
1. High Renaissance – RomeExamples:c. Villa Capra or Rotonda• Andrea Palladio, Venice
-influenced by Roman & Greek Architecture-influenced by Vitruvius
• Influenced by Thomas Jefferson’s plan of the White House• Villa Almerico CapraCHARACTERISTIC OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE1. Walls – Ashlar Masonry in rusticated finish2. Skylines – horizontal cornices and balustrades
PALAZZO MEDICI-RICADI
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RENAISSANCE
A. ITALIAN RENAISSANCECHARACTERISTICS OF ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
3. Doors and Windows – molded architrave of the classic type or pediment in triangular or segmental style4. Roofs – vaulted ceiling without ribs, dome raised5. Columns – classic orders6. Boldness and simplicity in style7. Fronting narrrow street
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RENAISSANCEB. FRENCH RENAISSANCE- Reigns of Francis I, Francis II, Charles IV, Henry III,
Louis XIIIExamples: 1. Chateau de Chambord• Domenico da Cortona• landscape, Loire• Elliptical barrel vaulting• Multi-spired chateau
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RENAISSANCE
B. FRENCH RENAISSANCEExamples: 2. Palais de Fontainbleu (1528)• Favorite residence of Francis I• Originally a convent• Largest palace of 16th century• Exterior had no unified design
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RENAISSANCE
B. FRENCH RENAISSANCEExamples: 3. Palais de Louvre• Paris(1548-1878)• Built on the site of the old gothic chateau• Patterned after an italian palazzo• French character of each sun• Began in reign of Francis I in 1546 to Napoleon III
in the 19th century
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RENAISSANCE
B. FRENCH RENAISSANCECHARACTERISTIC OF FRENCH RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE1. Transitional Period – Gothic & Renaissance
features to form a picturesque ensemble2. In Italy – classical horizontality3. High roofs (MANSART ROOFS)4. Combinations of classic & medieval mouldings
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RENAISSANCEC. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE- Early Modern Period- William Shakespeare, John Milton, Jon Donne, Katherine Philips1. Tudor-Elizabethan Period
-Tudor (1485-1603)-Elizabethan (1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I’s reign
• Half-Timber Construction - domestic architecture-vertical posts
• Ceiling – low exposed beams• Great Hall – medieval castles• Horizontally rather than vertically• Rectangular panelling of the wainscoat• Bay windows• Pargetwork – stucco ceiling treatment• Oriel• Tudor arch
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RENAISSANCE• C. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE2. Jacobean Style (1603-1649)• Second phase of Renaissance Architecture in
England• Named after King James I of England• -pilasters, entablatures, columns were combined
with small wood panels panels• -Dada and pedestral motiff
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MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE PERIOD
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MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANNERIST MOVEMENT1. Last phase of renaissance2. 17th century3. Play with space & volume4. Exemplified by exaggeration5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance
- invented by Roger de Piles
6. Designs such as:a. cartouche –shieldb. bosses – round prostitutionsc. lozenges – oval prostitutionsd. grosteques – mythological
7. Revolt against classcism-clarity, visibility, stability
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MANNERISM/PROTO-BAROQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MANNERIST MOVEMENT1. Last phase of renaissance2. 17th century3. Play with space & volume4. Exemplified by exaggeration5. CHIAROSCURO – light & dark surfaces are given importance6. Designs such as:
a. cartouche –shieldb. bosses – round prostitutionsc. lozenges – oval prostitutionsd. grosteques – mythological
7. Revolt against classcism-clarity, visibility, stability
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MANNERISM
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BAROQUE PERIOD
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BAROQUE• Portuguese word “BAROCO” meaning odd shape,
imperfect pearl• Developed in Later Renaissance• Revolt against Classical art• Grandeur• Sensuous richness• Drama• Vitality• Movement• Emotional exuberance
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BAROQUECHARACTERISTICS OF BAROQUE ARCHIETECTURE1. curves, double curves & diagonal lines2. Strong contrast of light & shadow3. Decoration became so abundant *Chiapas, San
Cristobal De Las Casa Cathedral
4. Freedom of planning, designing and ornamentation5. Spirit of artistic impedance6. Columns w/ twisted shafts (SOLOMONIC COLUMNS)7. Pediments in scrolled form8. Carved ornament emphasized by gilding9. Contorted curves10.Ostentatious, extravagant
*Iglesia de Nostra Senyora de Betlem
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BAROQUEA. ITALIAN BAROQUE
- Baroque was art born in RomeExamples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica• façade – Carlo Maderno
-swiss-italian architect• plazza – Bernini
- Grand entrance Plazza provides sense of unity and order- 234 columns in Tuscan style
• Originally Greek cross plan
• Exterior – giant order of Corinthian pilaster
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BAROQUE
A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome
Examples: a. Saint Peter’s Basillica• Dome of St. Peter – Michelangelo
- 3 horizontal zones- Greatest creation of Renaissance lantern, dome, drum, balustrades and statues piled above the gigantic pilasters are awe-inspiring in their massive grandeur.
• Baldocchino - Bernini
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BAROQUE
A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome
Examples: b. The Fountain of Trevi• Largest & most famous • Designed by Nicola Salvi• 1760• Planned by Bernini
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BAROQUE
A. ITALIAN BAROQUE- Baroque was art born in Rome
Examples: c. Santa Maria della Salute• Refered to as “La Salute”• Venice, on the grand canal• Octagonal in form• Corinthian columns, scrolled buttresses
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BAROQUEB. FRENCH BAROQUE
- Baroque entered France on a grand scale at Versaille
-Official architecture of the 17th to 18th century
-sever, static and classicistic style of BerniniExamples:a. Chateau de Vaux le Vicomte (Vau Lu Vicomte)• For Nicolas Fouquet• Le Vau, 1657• Steep roof• Classical cupola• Ionic pilasters
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BAROQUE
B. FRENCH BAROQUEExamples:b. Versaille Palace• Reign of Louis XIV• Park – Andre’ Le Notre• Palace – Mansart and Charles Le Brun• Hunting Lodge (Louis XIII)• Splendid Palace (Louis XIV)
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BAROQUEC. ENGLISH BAROQUE
- Charles III- Buildings have been characterized by
dignity, practicality, consistence unique Examples:a. St. Paul’s Cathedral• London; 1675; Christopher Wren
-52 churches in London • Dome is an enlarged version of Tempietto of
Bramante• Lower levels were more Palladian • Mother church of the Diocese of London
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ROCOCO PERIOD
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ROCOCO• “Rocaille” and “Cocaille” meaning rockwork and
shellwork • Prominence = Louis XV• 18th Century• Gay, elegant and refined • Lightness , delicay and elaborate ornamentation
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ROCOCO
CHARACTERISTICS OF ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE1. Reversal of the feeling of Baroque2. Light and airy3. Intimate/delicate4. Intricate pattern5. Favorite motif = The cockleshell
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ROCOCO
Examples:a. Petit Trianon• Made for Madame du Barry/ Marie Antoinette by
Gabriel• Small chateau located on the grounds of Palace of
Versailles- Used as a private refuge from the formality of courts
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ROCOCO
Examples:b. The Wies Pilgrimage Church of the Scourged Saviour• Oval rococo church• Dominikus Zimmermann
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NEO-CLASSIC PERIOD
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM• Also known as classic revivals• During the reign of Louis XVI
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM
Examples:a. The Madeleine in Paris• Intended as Pantheon• Build by order of Napoleon• Corinthian Columns• Greek Columnal Temple stands on a Roman-style
podium• 7” high podium
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM
Examples:b. Church of Les Invalides• Designed by Bruant & Monsart• Remodeled by Le Vau• Greek cross plan with circular chapels• Famous dome derived from St. Peters’
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM
Examples:c. Paris Opera House• 1874• Charles Garnier• Reflects the taste of Nouveau Riche
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM
Examples:d. Jefferson Monticello, Virginia• influenced by Lord Burlington
-18th century english neoclassicist• Influenced by Andrea Palladio
-16th century italian architect• Classical in detail and proportion
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NEO-CLASSIC: ROMANTICISM
Examples:e. Cheswick House• Domed italianate villa• Lord Burlington built for himself • 1726
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ECLECTICISM
A. Gothic Revival
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ECLECTICISM
B. Victorian- middle of 19th century- IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt
Examples:a. Crystal Palace• Joseph Paxton• Iron frames• Glass panels• Wooden sash bars
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ECLECTICISM
B. Victorian- middle of 19th century- IRON discovered in Mesopotamia & Egypt
Examples:b. The Eiffel Tower• Paris Exhibition of 1889• 1000 ft. tall• Gustav Eiffel
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REFERENCES