romanesque y
TRANSCRIPT
Romanesque
Introduction
• This style appeared during the Middle Ages• It is the first style that can be found all over
Europe, • The expansion of the style was linked to the
pilgrimages, mainly to Santiago di Compastela.
Introduction
• Romanesque art developed because of…– The end of Barbarian invasions– The decomposition of Cordoba’s government – The establishment of peace in
the Christian world, with the
development of the cities,
commerce and industry.
Expansion
• The factors of the expansion of Romanesque art were:– Development of a feudal system,
that demanded works (castles)– The expansion of religious orders
(Benedictines), developed the monasteries– The pilgrimage routes– The crusades
FUEDAL SYSTEM
TIMBER FRAMING
Typologies
• There are three main types of buildings:
Churches
Monasteries
Castles
Monastery
• It was designed as the “City of God”• They had several functional areas:
– Church– Cloister– Chapter room– Abbot’s house– Monks/ nuns rooms– Refectory – Hospital
Church
• It was the main building
• It symbolized God’s kingdom
• The holiest part was the apse
• It had cross shape
• Symbolism was important:– Circular parts reflect perfection so they were
linked to God– Squared parts are related to the human.
Church
• Characteristics:– Monumental, trying to imitate the Roman models in
the Pilgrimage churches– Small in country churches– They were designed for advertising Catholic church– They were lasting, made of stone– Plans could be:
• Latin cross• Polygonal• Basilical
Latin cross Polygonal Basilical
Church
• Parts of the plan
Church
• Parts from the outside
Church
• Elevation:• The church is covered by stoned vaults• Wall are thick• They need strong buttresses• Foundations are strong• Few windows
Church
• Interior elevation: it consists of three levels:
• First floor with columns or cross-shaped pillars
• Second floor with the tribune (corridor over looking the nave, over the aisles)
• Clerestory: area of windows opening to the outside.Column
Pillar
Tribune
Clerestory
Interior of a RomanesqueCathedral
Church
• Type of covers:
Barrel vault: it was used mainly to cover the central nave
Groin vault was common in aisles and ambulatory
Dome: spherical were used in apses. The central could stand on pendentives or squinches
Romanesque in France
• It was the original region of Romanesque art
• It appeared in Cluny’s abbey
• From there it expanded thanks to the pilgrimage routes, specially to Santiago in Spain.
Romanesque in France
• Burgundy: barrel-vaulted, three-aisled basilica
• Normandy: Lombard influences with groined vaults supported by flying buttresses and façades with two flanking towers.
Sainte Magdalene, Vezelay
Cluny
Romanesque in France
• It is characterized by various vaulted styles
• Provence: pointed domes and façades decorated with arches
• Auvergne with long choir, side aisles around the semicircular sanctuary forming the ambulatory in which radiating chapels open
Saint Trophime, Arles
Saint Sernin
Toulouse
ST. DENISPARIS
St. Filibert, France, 10c
Romanesque in Italy
• Italian provinces developed a great diversity of architectural styles– Lombardy with groined
vaults of heavy proportions– Central Italy classical
decorative elements: Corinthian capitals, coloured marble, open arches, colonnades and galleries and façades with sculptures
Saint Ambroggio, Milan
Saint Miniato, Florence
Romanesque in Italy
– South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointed-arches.Cefalu, Sicily
Romanesque in Italy
– South with Byzantine and Arabic influences, using mosaics, interlaced pointed-arches.
• Three separate buildings: church, baptistery and bell tower.
Cefalu, Sicily
Pisa Cathedral, in Tuscany, presents three separate buildings.
BAPTISTRY-FLORENCE
Romanesque in Germany
• Churches were planned on a large scale• They used to be very high• They had an apse or sanctuary at each end.• Numerous round or octagonal towers that conferred
them a picturesque silhouette.
Worms
Church of St. Sebaldus, Nürnberg
Romanesque in England
• Long, narrow buildings were constructed with heavy walls and piers, rectangular apses, double transepts and deeply recessed portals
• Naves were covered with flat roofs, later replaces by vaults, and side aisles were covered with groined vaults.
Romanesque in England
• Before the 10th century were made of wood
• Stone buildings were small and roughly constructed
• The Norman Romanesque style replace the Saxon in 11th century
DURHAM CATHEDRAL
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL
WESTMINSTER ABBEY
The flying buttress
Romanesque in Spain
• First Romanesque: Catalonia
• In the 11th century the region was almost assimilated to France
• Due to this they receive the art early
• The rest of the Spain would receive it with the pilgrimage
Romanesque in Spain
• Catalan churches present, in the outside, ordered volumes
• Wall are decorated with Lombard bands, and blind arches and galleries
• The plan has three naves, with a small narthex
• The head has triple apse
Spanish Castle, 14c
Romanesque in Spain
• There are polygonal buildings too
• They are related to the Temple
• They are inspired in Jerusalem’s Holy Sepulchre
• Examples are Eunate, Torres del Rio (both in Navarre) and Veracruz (Segovia).
Romanesque in Spain
• Castile and Leon:• It is deeply influenced
by the pilgrimage routes
• The churches are identified with the spirit of the Reconquist
Romanesque in Spain
• Buildings are simple and small
• It created a contrast in relation to the refined Hispano Muslin architecture.
• They frequently have a covered area in the outside for the meetings of the councils.
Romanesque in Spain
• The best examples are:– Santiago’s cathedral– Fromista– Sant Climent de Tahull– San Pere de Roda– San Juan de la Peña
• There are other buildings such as castles (Loarre, in Huesca) or bridges, essential for pilgrims (Puentelarreina, Navarre)
castles
Castle
• Castles were defensive constructions
• They were fortified for providing shelter
• The wall was one of the essential elements
• They tend to be build in stepped areas, easier to defend.
MOTT AND BAILEY
STARTED BY THE NORMANS
STONE CASTLE
WARWICK
AVILA
CARCASSONNE
Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel:
A Fortress & A Church
DURHAM CASTLE
DURHAM CASTLE
LUMLEY CASTLE
THE WHITE TOWER LONDON
CHAPEL OF ST. JOHN