romanesque 3: what is romanesque style? continued
TRANSCRIPT
Romanesque 3: What is Romanesque Style?continued
Benedictine Abbey at Vézelay (Cluniac 1096-1137), choir, transept, narthex, 1090-1104 nave 1120-32
First large-scale church in France with groin vaults throughout
III. Romanesque Burgundy alternative thin wall construction
Benedictine Abbey at Vézelay (Cluniac 1096-1137), choir, transept, narthex, 1090-1104 nave 1120-32
First large-scale church in France with groin vaults throughout
III. Romanesque Burgundy alternative thin wall construction
Vézelay – groin-vaulted nave with generous clerestory windows
groin or cross vaults
Vézelay – narthex with sculpted portal
going into the nave coming out into the narthex
III. Romanesque Burgundy narthex portals
Benedictine abbey at Moissac, France (Cluniac from 1048), south portal 1115-30
III. Romanesque Burgundy narrative sculpture on portals + in cloisters
III. Romanesque Burgundy narrative sculpture on portals + in cloisters
cloister walk cloister garden
Cloister of Moissac abbey church, 1085-1100
Earliest historiated capitals in a cloister
South portal of Moissac abbey church, 1115-30
trumeau
trumeau – prophet Jeremiah
III. Romanesque Burgundy narrative sculpture on portals + in cloisters
1073 Benedictine monk Robert of Molesme joins hermits in the forest of Collan
1098Robert, Alberic, and Stephen Harding settle in the forest of Cîteau, found the New Monastery
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cistercian challenge
What remains of the abbey at Cîteaux
1113Nobleman Bernard of Fontaine (a.k.a. Bernard of Clairvaux) arrives at Cîteaux
Bernard: “One learns more in the woods than in books. The trees and the rocks will teach you things you will not hear elsewhere.”
Cîteaux = Cisteaux = Cistercian
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge
Bernard founds the new of daughter house of the monks at Ciairvaux in 1115 and Fontenay in 1118
Clairvaux today
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge
Fontenay Abbey, France, construction 1133-47
Fontenay Abbey
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge
Benedictine abbey at Cluny Cistercian abbey of Fontenay
cloister(s), refectory, chapter house, dormitory, workroom and forge, fountain
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge Work ethos = functional buildings
dormitoryforge Fontenay
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge Work ethos = functional buildings
Cistercian abbey of Fontenay
clear geometric shapes (massing) ?Distinctive formal characteristics of the Romanesque
Cistercian abbey church of Fontenay
exterior/interior masses and volumes correspondDistinctive formal characteristics of the Romanesque
east end
facing east toward chancel
Cistercian abbey church of Fontenay
exterior/interior masses and volumes correspondDistinctive formal characteristics of the Romanesque
east endtransept with chancel and chapels
Cistercian abbey of Fontenay
Plan of a Cistercian church from French master-builder Villard de
Honnecourt’s sketchbook (1230s)
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Theory the Cistercian model
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Theory the Cistercian model
Cistercian abbey church of Fontenay
Fontenay’s cloister
cloister walk cloister garden
III. Romanesque Burgundy: Cistercian challenge the cloister
Le Thoronet Cistercian abbey, France (Provence), 1135
Le Thoronet Cistercian abbey, France (Provence), 1135
Network of Cluniac monasteries
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cistercian challenge
Network of Cistercian monasteries
Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-61; 1081-1133St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, 1010-33 (Ottonian)
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure – looking up (wall to ceiling) Implications for articulation of wall and parts?
Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-61 (wood ceiling)St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, Germany, 1010-33 (Ottonian)
Implications for articulation of wall and parts?IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling)
Germany (wood ceiling)Central Italy (Tuscany) – wood ceiling
Implications for articulation of wall and parts?
Speyer Cathedral, 1030-61Pisa Cathedral, 1063-1118
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling)
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) wood ceilings
Normandy: implications for wall and parts?
Speyer Cathedral, 1030-61
Germany Normandy
Abbey church at Jumièges (Normandy) France, 1037-66, wood roofed nave
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling)
IV. Romanesque basilicas with wood roofs
Speyer Cathedral, 1030-61
GermanyNormandy
wood roof and double bays
Jumièges (Normandy) France, 1037-66
Normandy: implications for wall and parts?
Germanygroin vaulted nave and double bays
Normandywood roof and double bays
Jumièges (Normandy) France, 1037-66Speyer Cathedral, 1081-1133
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Germany’s vaults: implications for wall and parts?
Abbey of St.-Étienne, Caen, France, 11th-12th century (1064-77, vaults 1120)
Normandy: implications for wall and parts?IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling)
Normandy: wood ceiling and thick wall construction
St.-Étienne at Caen with timber ceiling, double bays, and clerestory passage, 1064-77
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling)
Germany (wood ceiling)Anglo-Norman wood ceiling
Speyer Cathedral, 1030-61Ely Cathedral, 1081-115
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) England: wood ceiling and thick wall construction
rib vaults in choir aisle (1093-96)
skeletal frame alone bears the load
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure rib vaults
Durham Cathedral, Durham, England, 1093-1133
Durham’s choir aisle vaults, earliest known rib vaults, 1093
Durham Cathedral – rib vaults in choir aisle
skeletal frame alone bears the load
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure rib vaults
mobile centering one bay at a timeplanking and wattle to support webbing during construction ribs of a rib vault
Soissons Cathedral, France
left in place in Lincoln Cathedral
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure rib vaults
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure about Durham
Durham Cathedral, Durham, England, 1093-1133
regular clergy (monastic clergy) = monastic layout
Durham Cathedral – thick wall and double bay system
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Durham: rib vaults, thick wall, double bay
Durham Cathedral – surface decoration on archivolts and cylindrical piers
Earls Barton, 970 - Anglo-Saxon church tower with linear surface decoration
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Durham: rib vaults, thick wall, double bay
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure rib vaults
Durham nave rib vaults, 1128-33
St.-Étienne with timber ceiling, 1064-77 St.-Étienne with rib vaults added 1120
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure rib vaults
St.-Étienne with rib vaults added 1120 – thick-wall, double-bay system
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Normandy: rib vaults, thick wall, double bay
St.-Étienne at Caen (Normandy) with sexpartite rib vaults and double-bay system
Speyer Cathedral (Rhineland, Germany) with groin vaults and double-bay system
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Different vaults and double bay systems
S. Ambrogio in Milan with quadripartite rib vaults on double-bay system, complete by 1117
St.-Étienne in Caen with rib vaults added in 1120
IV. Romanesque basilicas – looking up (wall to ceiling) Other rib vaults and double bay systems
Durham Cathedral with paired quadripartite rib vaults and pointed transverse arches
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure
St.-Étienne with sexpartite rib vaults and all round arches
Durham: first pointed rib
IV. Romanesque basilicas and structure
Pointed arches and vaults – already seen in Burgundy (Cluny III) but not combined with rib technique
Durham: first pointed rib
Cluny III: load-bearing pointed barrel vault with
pointed transverse arches
Durham: pointed rib (the transverse arches only)
+
Gothic architecture
V. Romanesque structural technology building blocks of Gothic architecture available
Roger Stalley, Early Medieval Architecture, 1999