Bioreactor type
What mode of Operation?
What type of bioreactor?
Bench-scale research fermentor Medium-scale beer fermentor
Biological Reaction Engineering
The largest L-Lactic Acid fermentation plant in Asia: http://www.bglactic.com/UK/news0610.htm
Raw Material Processing Biotransformation Separation & purification
Chemical & Biochemical Processing
Ordering Information Description BIOSTAT® PBR 2S Cat. No. 120 VAC RPBRP02LECR-H1 Cat. No. 230 VAC RPBRP02LECR-H2 Sterilization autoclave Basic unit Digital controller color display with touch screen • Control capabilities Temperature, pH, DO • Recirculation rate • Illumination • Illumination via Turbidity • Substrate (Note: configurable via integrated pump) • Turbidity measurement • Gasmixing Exclusive Flow Gasmixing of Air, O2, N2, CO2 • Rotameter Sparger • Rotameter for Overlay • Peristaltic pumps (integrated) 2 (Acid|Base) Thermostat system (integrated) • Recirculation Pump Peristaltic pump • Photosynthesis device Illumination unit • Single wall glass pipe • Helix design • Recirculation Vessel Includes Stainless steel head plate • Jacketed glass vessel • Recirculation fitting • Air Inlet and Exhaust filter • Aeration tube with μ-sparger • Exhaust Cooler •
Microalgae and the bacterium A. brasilense coimmobilized in alginate beads
Develop concepts and technologies on how to recycle used water (wastewater) in arid lands with unique combinations of microalgae and microalgae growth-promoting bacteria.
UC Berkeley scientist Anastasios Melis experimented on algae cultures and discovered sulfur deprived algae can produce hydrogen through photosynthesis.
20L Bioreactor
Ginsenoside
What size?
Ampicillin Amoxicillin
6x15'000 L cell culture bioreactors Construction site
Pharmaceutical Production in Bioreactors
Synthetic Genomics announced a $300 million agreement with Exxon to research and develop next generation biofuels using photosynthetic algae. And according to the New York Times, Exxon is going to invest another $300 million in in-house research.
Raw Material Processing Biotransformation Separation & purification
Chemical & Biochemical Processing
SUBSTRATE(S) PRODUCT
(Glucose) (Ethanol)
Heat
Transfer
Mass
Transfer Fluid
Mechanics
Reaction
Kinetics
Thermodynamics
What’s involved in bioreactor design
REACTOR
SUBSTRATE(S) PRODUCT
(Glucose) (Ethanol)
Heat
Transfer
Mass
Transfer Fluid
Mechanics
Reaction
Kinetics
Thermodynamics
What’s involved in bioreactor design
(Cells - Enzymes) REACTOR
Bioreactors
Bioreactors are designed to influence metabolic pathways
Bioreactor characteristics Bioreactors support or control biological entities In Bioreactors higher selectivity is of primary importance Rate of reaction is of secondary importance
Products of Bioreactions: Intracellular – extracellular metabolites Cell biomass Biotransformation
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
What is a bioreactor? A “controlled” device in which change in composition of matter occurs by chemical/biochemical reactions. It is also used as a tool for determining something about the reacting system
Chemical Reactions inside the cell
Do reactions really occur?
At which rate?
Are they instantaneous reactions?
• Two factors control the outcome of chemical reactions:
Bio/Chemical Thermodynamics
Bio/Chemical Kinetics
• Chemical Kinetics: study of rates of chemical reactions and mechanisms
by which they occur.
- concerned with description of how fast a reaction occurs.
- concerned with factors affecting reaction rates
- used to derive better ways of achieving desired chemical reactions
- used for designing chemical and biochemical reactors
Bio/Chemical Kinetics
Kinetics of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The Basic Equations of Enzyme Kinetics
The Effect of Other Parameters on Enzyme Activity
Enzyme Immobilization
Cell Cultivations & Cell Kinetics
Experimental Kinetic Studies
Growth Kinetics
Unstructured/Unsegregated Kinetic Models
Structured/Segregated Kinetic Models
Kinetics
Transport Phenomena in Bioprocess Systems
Mass Transfer in Cellular Systems
Oxygen Transfer Rates in Bioreactors
Mass and Heat Transfer Correlations
Transport
• We can use thermodynamics to tell if a reaction is product- or reactant-favored.
But this gives us no info on HOW FAST reaction goes from reactants to products.
• KINETICS — the study of REACTION RATES and their relation to the way the reaction proceeds, i.e., its MECHANISM.
Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics
• Time is a variable in kinetics – not in thermodynamics.
• We may infer about the reaction mechanism from kinetics but not from thermodynamics.
• ΔG of reaction is the measure of the affinity or tendency for the reaction to occur but, it says nothing about ‘how fast’
Differences between Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics
Differences between Chemical Kinetics and Thermodynamics
• Chemical Kinetics is concerned with the rate of reaction and factors affecting it.
• Chemical thermodynamics is concerned with the position of equilibrium and factors affecting it
A bioreactor is used to carry out the reactions as a tool for determining something about the reacting system:
- Rate of reaction - Dependency of the rate on various factors.
Information obtained from kinetics is used for determine something about the reactor:
- Size - Flow and thermal configuration - Product distribution - …
System Size to compare the nature of kinetics
Global macroscopic Local Macroscopic
Microscopic (CK)
(CK) (BRE)
Ideal design Real design
Reaction Rate Defined
Reaction rate: changes in a concentration of a product or a reactant per unit time.
[ ] concentration Reaction rate = ——— t
[ ]
t
[ ]
t
change
Average reaction rate
Instantaneous reaction rate Initial reaction rate
1. Physical state of the reactants – states that promote contact have faster rates; homogeneous vs. heterogeneous
2. Concentration of the reactants: conc. ↑, rate ↑ (or pressure for gases)
3. Temperature: temp. ↑, rate ↑ due to higher molecular energy and speed
4. Catalysts: rate ↑ by changing the mechanism and reaction energy
5. pH
6. Other physical things like stirring and grinding solid reactants. Contribution to achieve a homogeneous system
Factors that Affect Reaction Rates
How to measure the rate of reactions?
Rates of reaction is not based on stoichiometry!! It must be determined experimentally
Determine Reaction Rates
To measure reaction rate, we measure the concentration of either a reactant or product at several time intervals.
The concentrations are measured using spectroscopic method or pressure (for a gas). For example, the total pressure increases for the reaction:
2 N2O5 (g) 4 NO2 (g) + O2(g)
… because 5 moles of gas products are produced from 2 moles of gas reactants.
barometer
Expressing reaction rates
For a bio/chemical reaction, there are many ways to express the reaction rate. The relationships among expressions depend on the equation.
Note the expression and reasons for their relations for the reaction
2 A + B = 2 C
[B] 1 [A] 1 [C] Reaction rate = – ——— = – — ———— = — ——— t 2 t 2 t
ri Reaction rate r = —— 𝛎i
+ 𝛎i produced - 𝛎i consumed
Kinetics and Transport Process
• Diffusion and mass transfer.
• Mixing of fluid elements
• Heat transfer
• Fluid flow
Reactor design
• Focus on process design.
• Analysis of performance of an existing reactor
• Rate of process involved
• Motion of elements of fluid
Volume of interest
Mass Balance is made with respect to a “Control Volume”
Mass flow: min mout [kg/time]
Molar flow: Fin Fout [mol/time]
Volumetric Flow: qin qout [m3/time]
inputs outputs
.
. Q
Volume of interest
Mass Balance is made with respect to a “Control Volume”
Mass flow: min mout [kg/time]
Molar flow: Fin Fout [mol/time]
Volumetric Flow: qin qout [m3/time]
inputs outputs
.
. Q
I NPUT – OUTOUT + G EN – CONS = ACC
Volume of interest
Mass Balance is made with respect to a “Control Volume”
Mass flow: min mout [kg/time]
Molar flow: Fin Fout [mol/time]
Volumetric Flow: qin qout [m3/time]
inputs outputs
.
. Q
Volume of reactor?
Volume of liquid medium?
Volume of the packed bed?
Volume of the cell?
I NPUT – OUTOUT + G EN – CONS = ACC
How to Describe a System
• With respect to flow of material
• Continuous flow system
• Semi continuous flow
• Static system
How to Describe a System
• With respect to both material and energy flows
• Open System
• Closed System
• Isolated System