![Page 1: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SA. Quimbo X. Javier
12 September 2014
UPSE Friday Seminar Series
![Page 2: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Several calls for lower income tax rates among legislators
There are currently eight (8) bills filed in the House of Representatives and three (3) bills in the Senate seeking to lower income tax rates or initiate re-bracketing. All these measures acknowledge the unfairness and inequality of the prevailing income tax system, wherein the burden falls on the middle class.
![Page 3: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Authors/Bill Number Romero “Miro” S. Quimbo (HB 4829) Adjusting the taxable income brackets and setting a flat for Self-Employed
and Corporations
Salvacion “Sally” S. Ponce-Enrile (HB 210) Increasing the tax brackets from 7 to 13 with a rate ranging from 2.5% - 32%
Magtanggol I T. Gunigundo (HB 4099) Reducing the top bracket tax rate from 32% to 30% and a flat rate of 15% for Corporations
Arthur C. Yap (HB 4849) Increasing tax brackets from 7 to 8 with a rate ranging from 2% to 30%
Roman T. Romulo (HB 4880) Reducing tax brackets from 7 to 6 and two-part implementation with a rate ranging from 13%-30% for 2016 that will become 10%-28% in 2017
Rodrigo A. Abellanosa, Angelina “Helen” D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890)
Reducing tax brackets from 7 to 5 and three part implementation with a rate of 15%-32% this 2015, 13%-28% this 2016, and 10%-25% this 2017
Dakila Carlo E. Cua (HB 4600) Imposing a flat rate of 10% for professionals
Victoria G. Noel (HB 4925) Reduction of tax brackets from 7 to 6, three part implementation of individual tax rates of 15%-32% fro 2015, 13%-28% for 2016, and 10%-25% for 2017 as well as for Corporation Income Tax Rates of 30% for 2015, 27% for 2016, and 25% for 2017
Juan Edgardo “Sonny” M. Angara (SB 2149) Adjusting tax brackets and lowering income tax rates, with the highest rate to be reduced from 32% to 25% by 2017
Paolo Benigno “Bam” A. Aquino (SB 1942) Adjusting tax brackets, lowering income tax rates, and exempting Marginal Income Earners (not Over P60,000); with automatic indexation to inflation every 6 years
Ralph G. Recto (SB 716) Adjusting tax brackets and lowering income tax rates, with automatic indexation to inflation every 6 years without need for legislative action
![Page 4: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A Brief Description of the Income Tax System in the Philippines
How equitable are income taxes in the Philippines? Horizontal Equity Vertical Equity Compliance Equity
• Tax Participation • Tax Gap
Intertemporal Equity
![Page 5: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Proposed Tax Reforms:
Inflation-adjusted tax brackets Simplified and reduced tax rates
Results:
Decomposition of Income Tax Collections by Tax Bracket
Projected Income Tax Collections Equity Effects
![Page 6: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Individual 6%
Withholding on Wages
85%
Withholding at Source
9%
Breakdown of Taxes on Individual (Compensation and Business)
TAX CLASSIFICATION 2013 TOTAL 1,216,661
I. Taxes on Net Income and Profit 718,361
A. Company, Corporate, Enterprise 424,497
B. Individual 246,580 1. Compensation and Business 235,878 a. Individual 14,309 b. Withholding on Wages 200,776 c. Withholding at Source 20,793 2. Capital Gains 10,702
C. Others 47,284
II. Excise Taxes 118,856
III. Value Added Taxes 250,149
IV. Other Percentage Taxes 60,807
V. Other Taxes 68,488
20% of Total
![Page 8: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bracket Taxable Income Tax Due 1 Not over 10K 5%
2 Over 10K but not over 30K P500 + 10% of the excess over 10,000
3 Over 30K but not over 70K P2,250 + 15% of the excess over 30,000
4 Over 70K but not over 140K P8,500 + 20% of the excess over 70,000
5 Over 140K but not over 250K P22,500 + 25% of the excess over 140,000
6 Over 250K but not over 500K P50,000 + 30% of the excess over 250,000
7 Over 500K P125,000 + 32% of the excess over 500,000
![Page 9: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
There are multiple tax deductions that the individual can avail of: P50,000 deduction P25,000 per child (maximum of 4 children) Professionals can avail of a 40% optional standard
deduction RA 9504 exempts minimum wage earners from income
tax payments. RA 8424 exempts the 13th month pay of public and
private entities provided that it does not exceed P30,000
![Page 10: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Horizontal Equity – Similarly situated taxpayers are taxed similarly.
Vertical Equity – Taxes are based on the ability to pay. Time-Related Equity – Taxes are not unduly distorted
when income or wealth levels fluctuate over time. Compliance Equity – All taxpayers pay what they owe
on a timely basis.
![Page 12: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Source: 2012 LFS
![Page 13: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
73 percent of salary and wage workers are income tax-exempt
27 percent of 58 percent of all workers pay income taxes that are withheld at source
16 percent of all workers shoulder 85 percent of all individual income taxes
![Page 15: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EightDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
Salary and wage earnerSelf-employed (non-prof)Self-employed (prof)
![Page 16: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
0.04% 0.4%
4.4%
13.9%
26.7% 27.3% 27.4%
Bracket 1 Bracket 2 Bracket 3 Bracket 4 Bracket 5 Bracket 6 Bracket 7
![Page 18: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.10% 0.80% 1.40% 5.00%
16.80%
75.80%
Decile 1 Decile 2 Decile 3 Decile 4 Decile 5 Decile 6 Decile 7 Decile 8 Decile 9 Decile 10
![Page 19: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
262 1,846 5,134 14,644 33,296
74,836
244,253
Bracket 1 Bracket 2 Bracket 3 Bracket 4 Bracket 5 Bracket 6 Bracket 7
![Page 20: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
54%
61% 63%
66% 69% 71% 74% 75% 77% 79%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EighthDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 69%
![Page 22: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
25% 28%
31%
36% 38%
43% 45% 46% 47% 47%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EighthDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 41%
![Page 23: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
21% 25% 26%
30% 33% 34%
41% 39%
46% 50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EighthDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 30%
![Page 24: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
100% 100% 100%
99%
99%
98% 99%
98%
99% 99%
98%
98%
99%
99%
100%
100%
101%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EightDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 99%
![Page 25: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
100%
98%
100% 100%
99% 99%
99% 99%
100%
99%
98%
98%
99%
99%
100%
100%
101%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EightDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 99%
![Page 26: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
100% 100% 96%
92% 91% 88%
79%
66% 59%
47%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
FirstDecile
SecondDecile
ThirdDecile
FourthDecile
FifthDecile
SixthDecile
SeventhDecile
EightDecile
NinthDecile
TenthDecile
National average = 64%
![Page 27: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Horizontal Vertical Compliance Intertemporal
![Page 31: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Bracket Taxable Income
1 Not over Php 24,647
2 Over Php 24,647 but not over Php 73, 942
3 Over Php 73, 942 but not over Php 172, 532
4 Over Php 172, 532 but not over Php 345, 063
5 Over Php 345, 063 but not over Php Php 616, 184
6 Over Php 616, 184 but not over Php 1, 232, 369
7 Over Php 1, 232, 369
![Page 33: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Decompose total individual income tax collections as reported by BIR by bracket
Use income and household characteristics from the merged 2012 LFS-2013 FIES to estimate taxable income and tax payments due Assume income underreporting 10% - 30% Limitation: maximum income is 10M only
Use tax payments reported by BIR for the top 500 tax payers for individuals with at least 16 M pesos
Tax payments for those with income 10M-16M are treated as a residual
All relevant tax rules applied to estimate taxes due (for professionals we used standard deductions, not the 40% optional standard deductions)
![Page 36: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
23 B Reduction
(9.9%)
![Page 38: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Objective: improve tax compliance
Tax compliance, from an economic point of view, results from an individual taxpayer's weighing of benefits and costs (see, for example, Allingham and Sandmo 1972). The benefits of tax compliance would include avoidance of penalties if caught evading weighted by the likelihood of getting caught. On the other hand, the main cost of tax compliance (i.e., tax payments) would be higher with tax rates and inflation.
![Page 39: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Likelihood of tax evasion increases with higher tax rates (Wu and Teng 2005, Crane and Nourzad 1990, Clotfelter 1983)
Underreporting of income tends to be more likely with inflation. That is, taxpayers attempt to regain some lost purchasing power by underreporting income (Crane and Nourzad 1986)
Excessive complexity of rules also increases the cost of compliance and reduces the chances of severe punishment due to noncompliance (Roth et al. 1989, p.128)
tax noncompliance rates are related to measures of complexity, which in turn are related to the probability that evasion will be detected and punished (Klepper and Nagin 1989, Slemrod 2007)
![Page 40: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Income Bracket Tax Rate Tax Exempt of Income Not Over P 173,942 0% Over P173,942 but not over P445,063 9% Over P445,063 but not over P10,000,000 17% Over P10,000,000 30%
![Page 41: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
6 B Increase
(2.2%)
![Page 42: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
35 B Increase (14.6%)
![Page 43: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
9% 17% 30%
0%,9%
0%
*Regression-based
![Page 44: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
5%
68%
27%
0%
62%
38%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Up to 70K 70-500K Over 500K
Base Simulated
![Page 45: SA. Quimbo X. Javierecon.upd.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/should-we-re... · 2014. 9. 15. · D.L. Tan, Maximo B. Rodriguez Jr., Rufus B. Rodriguez (4278, 4372, and 4890) Reducing](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071401/60ea864b036b4d72354c6671/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Yes, rethink income taxation in the Philippines Simplify, lower income tax rates to address compliance
equity concerns
Adjust tax brackets according to inflation to address intertemporal equity concerns
Bundle of reforms can increase tax revenues if compliance improves