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Aloe Vera: A Medicinal Plant
Biotechnology Applications
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iii
ALOE VERA: A
MEDICINAL PLANT
Biotechnology Applications
DR. SAJAD H WANI
DR. SHABIR AHMAD LONE
(Ph.D BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Department of Biotechnology, CITH-ICAR,
Old Air Filed, Rengreth Kral-Pora Srinagar
Jammu and Kashmir-India
EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)
www.educreation.in
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DEDICATED TO STUDENTS OF
BIOSCIENCE SCIENCES
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PREFACE
The compilation of this Book was a pleasant experience which
gives an overview of the Bioscience sciences. This Book is
important for the students and the teaching fraternity as it provides
them an easy and quick access to the basics and applied aspects of
Basic Science subject. The teachers and students were requested to
pinpoint the strength and weakness of the book and hence a revised
portion/chapter will be necessary to compile.
This book has been written in a good manner and new topics
has been included which were ignored in most books.
I am indebted to several of my colleagues and friends for their
valued opinion, criticism and suggestions to improve the subject
matter. I am particularly thankful to all authors of this book for
their valuable and important contribution and support.
Further, I am highly thankful to the Dr. Nazir Ahmad,
Honable Vice Chancellor, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir and
Dr D B Singh, Director CITH-ICAR Srinagar J&K-India.
My loving grandparents and parents were a great source of
inspiration to me in my endeavor, which I have always cherish. I
am also highly thankful to my parents for inspiration.
I am also thankful to Dr Showket Ahmad Dar for positive
criticism.
I feel privileged to affectionately dedicate the book to the
future Biology and medicine science researchers and students, who
were the future custodians of the subject. The suggestions to
further improve the book to make it more meaningful are
welcomed.
Dr. Sajad H Wani
CITH - ICAR
(19TH June 2018)
*****
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ABOUT EDITOR/AUTHOR
Dr. Sajad H Wani, Ph. D Biotechnology, has qualified CSRI-NET,
author of 30 research papers, reviews, several books, abstracts,
several book chapters, attended several conferences and has
research experience of several years.
Dr. Sajad H Wani
CITH-ICAR Srinagar
(20th June 2018)
*****
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viii
FOR READERS
The Authors have worked hard to compile this project, and will be
very thankful to the readers if they find out more and more
mistakes, shortcomings and errors in this manuscript. In future if
any mistake or other irrelevant thing found in this book, then we
are very sorry and we will try to revise that portion of the book
project. Therefore, the dear readers are free to contact Dr Sajad H
Wani; Ph. D Biotechnology, Sgr. R/O: Shopian, J$K; Cell No:
9697824317; Wa: 7780816909, Corresponding Email address: sajad hassan [email protected]
*****
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Editor/Authors are highly thankful to CITH-ICAR for support and
inspiration.
He sends down water from the sky from which We bring forth
growth of every kind, and from that We bring forth the green
shoots and from them We bring forth close packed seeds, and, from
the spathes of the date‐palm, date clusters hanging down, and
gardens of grapes and olives and pomegranates, both similar and
dissimilar. Look at their fruits as they bear fruit and ripen. There
are signs in that for people who believe. (Surat al‐An’am: 99)
*****
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x
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Aloe Vera: A Medicinal Plant
1
INTRODUCTION
Plants, since time immemorial, have been used globally across the
varied cultures throughout the known civilizations as a valuable
and safe natural source of medicine and agents of therapeutic,
industrial and environmental utilities. The widespread use of herbal
remedies and health care preparations, as described in ancient texts
including the Vedas, holy Quran and the Bible, are obtained from
commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants. A rich
heritage of knowledge on preventive and curative medicines was
even available in ancient scholastic work included in the Atharva
Veda, Charaka Sushruta etc. In India, approximately 1700 plant
species are used in ayurveda, 500 for Siddha, 400 for Unani, 300
for Amchi systems of medicine with substantial overlaps of
common plants among these systems.
In Germany, over 1500 plant species of 800 genera
belonging to about 200 families have been processed into
medicinal products. In South Africa, likewise, materials from
around 500 species are commercialized trade products (Khanuja,
2003).
The trend of using natural products is increasing. The use of
traditional medicines and medicinal plants in most developing
countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health,
has been widely observed. Further an increasing reliance on the use
of medicinal plants in the industrialized societies has been related
to the development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from
plant species as well as from traditionally used rural herbal
preparation. Herbal remedies have attained much more popularity
in the treatment of minor ailments, due to increasing awareness of
personal health maintenance through natural products. Indeed, the
market and public demand has been so great that there is a great
extinction risk to many medicinal plants and obviously the loss of
genetic diversity. Habitat destruction and indiscriminate over
collection from wild are the major threats that menace native plant
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Dr. Sajad H Wani
2
population. Factors contributing to the growth in demand for
traditional medicine include the increasing human population and
the frequently inadequate provision of Western (allopathic)
medicine in developing countries.
The tribal bodies of India and Africa are a treasure house of
knowledge of traditional herbal medicines. Primitive man lived in
a constant fear of deseases and had to depend on tribal priests and
witch doctors who used various plants, minerals and animals
organs in association with strang rituals and incantation to drive
out the evil spirits which they believed werw the cause of desease.
Current trends all over the world has shown that for one
reason or the other, people are not only willing to try natural
medicine especially those of plant origin but also actively seeking
nonconventional remedies. As a result there is a global resurgence
in the trade of herbal medicines. International market of medicinal
plants is reported to be over 62 billions US dollars per year during
2000 - 2001, which is growing at the rate of 7% annually (Rawat,
2003). The botanical retail market, inclusive of herbs and
medicinal plants, in USA, is estimated, at approximately US$1.6
billion annually. It is estimated that Europe, annually, imports
about 400,000 tones of medicinal plant material with an average
market value of US$ 1 billion from Africa and Asia. A growing
awareness of this new contributor to the foreign exchange reserves
of several national treasuries is beginning to emerge.
Origin of Aloe vera Before 3500 years, the plant of Aloe vera was originated. It is
considered that ancient Egyptians initially used Aloe vera. King
Solomon firstly cultivated Aloe vera plant. Aloe vera has been
utilized by Alexander the Great for his army. A numbers of
botanists and chronological facts recommend that Aloe vera plant
has come into sight in the warm and dry climates in Africa.
Ancient Persian and Indian healers have utilized different species
of Aloe vera for various generations. Chinese, Japanese and
Russian too utilized Aloe vera plant as a medication for many
centuries.
Greek and Roman Physicians explained the Aloe vera uses to
treat numbers of disorders. There are about 200 species of Aloe
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Aloe Vera: A Medicinal Plant
3
vera obtainable in all over the world. However, just four of all
species are used to have therapeutic curing properties, for example
– Aloe perryi, Aloe ferro, Aloe arborensis and Aloe saponaria.
Cleopatra is reputed to have relied on it to help preserve her
legendary beauty. She used the fresh Aloe vera gel to keep her skin
soft and young.
Arab traders were probably responsible for its spread into
Persia, India and the Far East and the name Aloe was derived
from the Arabic word Alloeh meaning ‘shining bitter
substance’ because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves. Vera,
which means true in Latin, was added later on in order to
distinguish the most popular and widely used species of Aloe -
Aloe Barbadensis Miller - from the rest.
This herb immediately became famous for its medical
purposes in many countries. Various physicians consider this plant
like an emollient and antiseptic for numbers of centuries. Aloe
vera plant is looked like a cactus and it has been utilized to treat
burns, stomach diseases and kidney disorders.. In 1930s, the use
of this plant was performed which assists in curing radiation burns.
Aloe vera has been utilized for the losses after the Second World
War.
There are remarkable developments which have been seen
such as improvement in the production of tissue and decreased
pain. It was also known as Kumari or Goddess as many women
were applying Aloe vera to keep their beauty and ageing. This
has been utilized for treating burns and injuries since various
centuries. A number of writers have founded Aloe vera books.
So, Aloe vera was historically shown in each stage of history
with various facts. History of Aloe vera also shows the medical
values of it. The tales of Aloe vera plants have been found 3500
years ago. The first documented use of Aloe vera can be found
from the ancient Egyptians and it was grown by the King
Solomon. Alexander the Great also used Aloe vera for his army.
Most of the historical evidence and botanists suggests that this
plant emerged in the dry and warm climates of Africa.
There are more than 200 species of Aloe vera available
throughout the world. But out of these species, only four of them
are treated to possess therapeutic healing properties such as and
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