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Aloe Vera: A Medicinal Plant

Biotechnology Applications


ii

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ALOE VERA: A

MEDICINAL PLANT

Biotechnology Applications

DR. SAJAD H WANI

DR. SHABIR AHMAD LONE

(Ph.D BIOTECHNOLOGY)

Department of Biotechnology, CITH-ICAR,

Old Air Filed, Rengreth Kral-Pora Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir-India

EDUCREATION PUBLISHING (Since 2011)

www.educreation.in


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v

DEDICATED TO STUDENTS OF

BIOSCIENCE SCIENCES


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PREFACE

The compilation of this Book was a pleasant experience which

gives an overview of the Bioscience sciences. This Book is

important for the students and the teaching fraternity as it provides

them an easy and quick access to the basics and applied aspects of

Basic Science subject. The teachers and students were requested to

pinpoint the strength and weakness of the book and hence a revised

portion/chapter will be necessary to compile.

This book has been written in a good manner and new topics

has been included which were ignored in most books.

I am indebted to several of my colleagues and friends for their

valued opinion, criticism and suggestions to improve the subject

matter. I am particularly thankful to all authors of this book for

their valuable and important contribution and support.

Further, I am highly thankful to the Dr. Nazir Ahmad,

Honable Vice Chancellor, SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Kashmir and

Dr D B Singh, Director CITH-ICAR Srinagar J&K-India.

My loving grandparents and parents were a great source of

inspiration to me in my endeavor, which I have always cherish. I

am also highly thankful to my parents for inspiration.

I am also thankful to Dr Showket Ahmad Dar for positive

criticism.

I feel privileged to affectionately dedicate the book to the

future Biology and medicine science researchers and students, who

were the future custodians of the subject. The suggestions to

further improve the book to make it more meaningful are

welcomed.

Dr. Sajad H Wani

CITH - ICAR

(19TH June 2018)

*****


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ABOUT EDITOR/AUTHOR

Dr. Sajad H Wani, Ph. D Biotechnology, has qualified CSRI-NET,

author of 30 research papers, reviews, several books, abstracts,

several book chapters, attended several conferences and has

research experience of several years.

Dr. Sajad H Wani

CITH-ICAR Srinagar

(20th June 2018)

*****


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FOR READERS

The Authors have worked hard to compile this project, and will be

very thankful to the readers if they find out more and more

mistakes, shortcomings and errors in this manuscript. In future if

any mistake or other irrelevant thing found in this book, then we

are very sorry and we will try to revise that portion of the book

project. Therefore, the dear readers are free to contact Dr Sajad H

Wani; Ph. D Biotechnology, Sgr. R/O: Shopian, J$K; Cell No:

9697824317; Wa: 7780816909, Corresponding Email address: sajad hassan [email protected]

*****


mailto:[email protected]

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Editor/Authors are highly thankful to CITH-ICAR for support and

inspiration.

He sends down water from the sky from which We bring forth

growth of every kind, and from that We bring forth the green

shoots and from them We bring forth close packed seeds, and, from

the spathes of the date‐palm, date clusters hanging down, and

gardens of grapes and olives and pomegranates, both similar and

dissimilar. Look at their fruits as they bear fruit and ripen. There

are signs in that for people who believe. (Surat al‐An’am: 99)

*****


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INTRODUCTION

Plants, since time immemorial, have been used globally across the

varied cultures throughout the known civilizations as a valuable

and safe natural source of medicine and agents of therapeutic,

industrial and environmental utilities. The widespread use of herbal

remedies and health care preparations, as described in ancient texts

including the Vedas, holy Quran and the Bible, are obtained from

commonly used traditional herbs and medicinal plants. A rich

heritage of knowledge on preventive and curative medicines was

even available in ancient scholastic work included in the Atharva

Veda, Charaka Sushruta etc. In India, approximately 1700 plant

species are used in ayurveda, 500 for Siddha, 400 for Unani, 300

for Amchi systems of medicine with substantial overlaps of

common plants among these systems.

In Germany, over 1500 plant species of 800 genera

belonging to about 200 families have been processed into

medicinal products. In South Africa, likewise, materials from

around 500 species are commercialized trade products (Khanuja,

2003).

The trend of using natural products is increasing. The use of

traditional medicines and medicinal plants in most developing

countries, as a normative basis for the maintenance of good health,

has been widely observed. Further an increasing reliance on the use

of medicinal plants in the industrialized societies has been related

to the development of several drugs and chemotherapeutics from

plant species as well as from traditionally used rural herbal

preparation. Herbal remedies have attained much more popularity

in the treatment of minor ailments, due to increasing awareness of

personal health maintenance through natural products. Indeed, the

market and public demand has been so great that there is a great

extinction risk to many medicinal plants and obviously the loss of

genetic diversity. Habitat destruction and indiscriminate over

collection from wild are the major threats that menace native plant


Dr. Sajad H Wani

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population. Factors contributing to the growth in demand for

traditional medicine include the increasing human population and

the frequently inadequate provision of Western (allopathic)

medicine in developing countries.

The tribal bodies of India and Africa are a treasure house of

knowledge of traditional herbal medicines. Primitive man lived in

a constant fear of deseases and had to depend on tribal priests and

witch doctors who used various plants, minerals and animals

organs in association with strang rituals and incantation to drive

out the evil spirits which they believed werw the cause of desease.

Current trends all over the world has shown that for one

reason or the other, people are not only willing to try natural

medicine especially those of plant origin but also actively seeking

nonconventional remedies. As a result there is a global resurgence

in the trade of herbal medicines. International market of medicinal

plants is reported to be over 62 billions US dollars per year during

2000 - 2001, which is growing at the rate of 7% annually (Rawat,

2003). The botanical retail market, inclusive of herbs and

medicinal plants, in USA, is estimated, at approximately US$1.6

billion annually. It is estimated that Europe, annually, imports

about 400,000 tones of medicinal plant material with an average

market value of US$ 1 billion from Africa and Asia. A growing

awareness of this new contributor to the foreign exchange reserves

of several national treasuries is beginning to emerge.

Origin of Aloe vera Before 3500 years, the plant of Aloe vera was originated. It is

considered that ancient Egyptians initially used Aloe vera. King

Solomon firstly cultivated Aloe vera plant. Aloe vera has been

utilized by Alexander the Great for his army. A numbers of

botanists and chronological facts recommend that Aloe vera plant

has come into sight in the warm and dry climates in Africa.

Ancient Persian and Indian healers have utilized different species

of Aloe vera for various generations. Chinese, Japanese and

Russian too utilized Aloe vera plant as a medication for many

centuries.

Greek and Roman Physicians explained the Aloe vera uses to

treat numbers of disorders. There are about 200 species of Aloe



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vera obtainable in all over the world. However, just four of all

species are used to have therapeutic curing properties, for example

– Aloe perryi, Aloe ferro, Aloe arborensis and Aloe saponaria.

Cleopatra is reputed to have relied on it to help preserve her

legendary beauty. She used the fresh Aloe vera gel to keep her skin

soft and young.

Arab traders were probably responsible for its spread into

Persia, India and the Far East and the name Aloe was derived

from the Arabic word Alloeh meaning ‘shining bitter

substance’ because of the bitter liquid found in the leaves. Vera,

which means true in Latin, was added later on in order to

distinguish the most popular and widely used species of Aloe -

Aloe Barbadensis Miller - from the rest.

This herb immediately became famous for its medical

purposes in many countries. Various physicians consider this plant

like an emollient and antiseptic for numbers of centuries. Aloe

vera plant is looked like a cactus and it has been utilized to treat

burns, stomach diseases and kidney disorders.. In 1930s, the use

of this plant was performed which assists in curing radiation burns.

Aloe vera has been utilized for the losses after the Second World

War.

There are remarkable developments which have been seen

such as improvement in the production of tissue and decreased

pain. It was also known as Kumari or Goddess as many women

were applying Aloe vera to keep their beauty and ageing. This

has been utilized for treating burns and injuries since various

centuries. A number of writers have founded Aloe vera books.

So, Aloe vera was historically shown in each stage of history

with various facts. History of Aloe vera also shows the medical

values of it. The tales of Aloe vera plants have been found 3500

years ago. The first documented use of Aloe vera can be found

from the ancient Egyptians and it was grown by the King

Solomon. Alexander the Great also used Aloe vera for his army.

Most of the historical evidence and botanists suggests that this

plant emerged in the dry and warm climates of Africa.

There are more than 200 species of Aloe vera available

throughout the world. But out of these species, only four of them

are treated to possess therapeutic healing properties such as and


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