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Schizophrenia and Modern Culture
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Connecticut Hospital for the Insane,
Middletown, CT, 1922 (founded 1868)
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SOUTH CAROLINA LUNATIC ASYLUM, pen and ink drawing, c. 1822
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Genealogy of “Schizophrenia”* Augustin Morel (1860): Dementia
Praecox• Ewald Hecker (1871): Hebephrenia• Karl Kahlbaum (1874) Paranoia,
Catatonia* Emil Kraepelin (1896): Dementia
Praecox (included Hebephrenia, Catatonia, Paranoia)
* Eugen Bleuler (1911): Schizophrenia
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Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926)
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Manic Depressive Insanity
• Combination of mania & melancholy
• Good prognosis
Dementia Praecox
• Form of early-onset dementia
• Deteriorating course• Included
hebephrenia, catatonia, paranoia
Kraepelin’s Nosology
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Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939)
Dementia Praecox: or the Group of the
Schizophrenias (1911)
Director of Burghölzli Hospital, at University
of Zurich
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Zurich, Switzerland
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Bleuler’s Primary Symptoms of Schizophrenia
1) Association: loosening of mental associations similar to the process of dreaming.
2) Affect: dysfunction between cognitive and affective apparatus.
3) Ambivalence: Simultaneous presence of contrary feelings.
4) Autism: distanced from reality; seek their own way, engaged in symbolic thinking.
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Hans Prinzhorn (1886-1933)
Artistry of the Mentally Ill (1922)
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Karl Gustav Sievers (schizophrenia) “untitled”
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Josef Heinrich Grebing (dementia praecox)
“Untitled”
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Peter Meyer (Moog) (Schizophrenic)
“Destruction of Jerusalem”
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Katharina Detzel (Manic-Depression/Schizo.)
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Josef Forster (Schizophrenia) “Untitled”
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Marie Lieb Periodic Mania “Cell floor decorated with torn strips of cloth”
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Paul Goesch (Schizophrenic)
“Horus Dismembered”
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August Natterer (no diagnosis given) “Witch’s head”
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August Natterer (no diagnosis given) “Witch’s head”
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Paul Klee
Runner at the Goal
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Frieda Fromm-Reichmann1889 - 1957
I Never Promised you a
Rose Garden, 1964
“Schizophrenogenic mother”
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Wagner-Jauregg overseeing Malarial Therapy c. 1918 (at back)
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Bringing a patient out of insulin coma, Belgian asylum c. 1940
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Patient in convulsions following Metrazol treatment, c.1941
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Electroconvulsive Shock Treatment
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Fever and Shock Therapies• Julius Wagner-Jauregg: 1918 Malarial
Fever Therapy• Manfred Sakel: 1933 Insulin Coma
Therapy• Ladislav Meduna: 1935 Metrazol
Shock Therapy• Ugo Cerletti: 1938 Electroconvulsive
Shock Therapy