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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
So what is social change?Social movements, campaigning and
direct action.
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
1. Social movements
• What is a social movement?
• ‘collective challenges [to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes] by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opponents and authorities’ (Tarrow, 1994)
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
2. The nature of change
• Rethinking cause and effect
• Complex and non linear change A ≠ B
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
2. The nature of change• Tipping points, chaos points and
junctions:
• Breakdown or breakthrough?
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
2. The nature of change• Synchronous failure: what happens
with multiple chaos and failure?
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
IdeologicalRepresentable
Utilitarian Rational
Modernist Teleological
Post IdeologicalNon Representable
Deliberative Indeterminate
Post modernist Contingent
ReformistRadical/revolutionary
Source: Tormey, 2004
Different political positions
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
2c. The nature of change
• Power in its different forms:
• Power - over
• Power – to
• Power – with
• Power – within
• Power - together
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
4b. The Movement Action Plan
‘Social movements need to go beyond immediate reforms to build toward fundamental structural changes by….
??????
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
4b. The Movement Action Plan
(1) creating empowered people who become life-long social change agents, and not just one issue protesters;
(2) creating ongoing grassroots political organizations and networks;
(3) broadening the analysis, issues, and goals of movements;(4) propose new alternatives and worldviews or paradigms that
put forward new political and social systems, not just oppose symptoms.’
Moyer MAP, 1987, page 38
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
4b. The Movement Action Plan
MA in Activism and Social ChangeSCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY
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The spectrum of political engagement
• Remember they overlap and change according to the issue:
• Passive givers (membership, donations)
• Passive supporters (letter writers, online petitions, boycotting)
• Active supporters (organised marches, demos, lobbying)
• Direct actioners (take matters into their own hands - immediacy and intention)
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The deep roots of resistance
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Contemporary moments of direct
action
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Not just about radicals or the traditional Left
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School of somethingFACULTY OF OTHER
What are the differences?
Direct action
Civil Disobedience
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– Direct action: ‘politically motivated activity undertaken by individuals, groups, or governments to achieve political goals outside of normal social/political channels.’ (Wikipedia)
– Acting directly means not deferring your personal ability, power and responsibility to pre-existing structures but doing it yourself. (Trapese)
– “Civil Disobedience is a public, nonviolent, conscientious yet political act contrary to law usually done with the aim of bringing about a change in the law or policies of the government.” (John Rawls, A theory of Justice. 55-59)
Definitions
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– What is and is not direct action?• Making demands / lobbying?• Waiting for (or deferring to) existing
channels/institutions?• A last ditch attempt when all else has failed?• Way of life/philosophy, / a tactic within a larger
structure/campaign?• The preserve of the radical left?
1. Definitions
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Why do people take direct action?
• Mobilisation (the push factor – the situation is dire, and individuals are frustrated)
• Incentives (the pull factor – there’s an opportunity, and probably collective support and infrastructure)
• Framing (a plausible story exists about how things could be different – and people will go along with it)
• All three usually have to be met for real and rapid change to occur
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What is too far?
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Some questions…• Which ripples create waves? (or which actions
spark the imagination and wider movements?)
• How can we weigh up risks with potential benefits?Are the risks worth it?
• What is role of direct action within longer term campaigning?
• (often good to grab the headlines and start a campaign, to show you are serious, that you are in it for the long term)