,iaghf;fKk; ,iaghf;fKk; ,iaghf;fKk; ,iaghf;fKk; xUrPh;j;jplepiyAk;xUrPh;j;jplepiyAk;xUrPh;j;jplepiyAk;xUrPh;j;jplepiyAk;
#oy;#oy;#oy;#oy;
1.1.1.1. vk;ikr;#oTs;s vk;ikr;#oTs;s vk;ikr;#oTs;s vk;ikr;#oTs;s
capUs;s>capuw;w capUs;s>capuw;w capUs;s>capuw;w capUs;s>capuw;w
$Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 1
$Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk; $Wfs; vy;yhk;
xd;whf #oy; xd;whf #oy; xd;whf #oy; xd;whf #oy;
vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.
2.2.2.2. cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :----
tsp>epyk;tsp>epyk;tsp>epyk;tsp>epyk;>ePh;>caphp>ePh;>caphp>ePh;>caphp>ePh;>caphp
dq;fs;dq;fs;dq;fs;dq;fs;
#oypy; eilngWk; #oypy; eilngWk; #oypy; eilngWk; #oypy; eilngWk;
khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g khw;wq;fSf;F Vw;g
vk;ikj; jahh;gLj;Jk; vk;ikj; jahh;gLj;Jk; vk;ikj; jahh;gLj;Jk; vk;ikj; jahh;gLj;Jk;
nraw;ghL ,iaghf;fk; nraw;ghL ,iaghf;fk; nraw;ghL ,iaghf;fk; nraw;ghL ,iaghf;fk;
vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :---- #L #L #L #L
gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia
kdpj clypy; kdpj clypy; kdpj clypy; kdpj clypy;
eilngWk; ,iaghf; eilngWk; ,iaghf; eilngWk; ,iaghf; eilngWk; ,iaghf;
fk; euk;gpirthf;fk;> fk; euk;gpirthf;fk;> fk; euk;gpirthf;fk;> fk; euk;gpirthf;fk;>
euk;gpd;wpatpirthf;fk;euk;gpd;wpatpirthf;fk;euk;gpd;wpatpirthf;fk;euk;gpd;wpatpirthf;fk;
vd 2 tifg;gLk;.vd 2 tifg;gLk;.vd 2 tifg;gLk;.vd 2 tifg;gLk;.
euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 2
gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia gl;lTld; ifia
,Oj;jy;. ,Oj;jy;. ,Oj;jy;. ,Oj;jy;.
Ntfkhf XLk; NghJ Ntfkhf XLk; NghJ Ntfkhf XLk; NghJ Ntfkhf XLk; NghJ
,jaj;Jbg;G tPjk; ,jaj;Jbg;G tPjk; ,jaj;Jbg;G tPjk; ,jaj;Jbg;G tPjk;
mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.
euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;euk;gpirthf;fk;
euk;Gfshy; vkJ euk;Gfshy; vkJ euk;Gfshy; vkJ euk;Gfshy; vkJ
clypd; nraw;ghLfs; clypd; nraw;ghLfs; clypd; nraw;ghLfs; clypd; nraw;ghLfs;
xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtJ xOq;FgLj;jg;gLtJ
euk;gpirthf;fk; euk;gpirthf;fk; euk;gpirthf;fk; euk;gpirthf;fk;
vdg;gLk;. vdg;gLk;. vdg;gLk;. vdg;gLk;.
euk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjp%is%is%is%is
Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 3
vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy;
eilngWk; euk;gpir eilngWk; euk;gpir eilngWk; euk;gpir eilngWk; euk;gpir
thf;fj;jpy; gpd;tUk; thf;fj;jpy; gpd;tUk; thf;fj;jpy; gpd;tUk; thf;fj;jpy; gpd;tUk;
mk;rq;fs; rk;ke;jg; mk;rq;fs; rk;ke;jg; mk;rq;fs; rk;ke;jg; mk;rq;fs; rk;ke;jg;
gLk;.gLk;.gLk;.gLk;.
Jhz;ly;Jhz;ly;Jhz;ly;Jhz;ly;
Rw;whlypy; eilngWk; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk; Rw;whlypy; eilngWk;
khw;wq;fs; Jhz;ly; khw;wq;fs; Jhz;ly; khw;wq;fs; Jhz;ly; khw;wq;fs; Jhz;ly;
vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :----
fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 4
1.1.1.1. Jhz;ly;.Jhz;ly;.Jhz;ly;.Jhz;ly;.
2.2.2.2. thq;fpfs;thq;fpfs;thq;fpfs;thq;fpfs;
3.3.3.3. Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy;Jyq;fy;
4.4.4.4. tpisT fhl;btpisT fhl;btpisT fhl;btpisT fhl;b
fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>fhypy; Ks; Fj;Jjy;>
thfdj;jpd; xyp> thfdj;jpd; xyp> thfdj;jpd; xyp> thfdj;jpd; xyp>
khk;goq;fis khk;goq;fis khk;goq;fis khk;goq;fis
epidj;jy; G+tpd; epidj;jy; G+tpd; epidj;jy; G+tpd; epidj;jy; G+tpd;
eWkzk;> #L Fsph; eWkzk;> #L Fsph; eWkzk;> #L Fsph; eWkzk;> #L Fsph;
Nghd;wd.Nghd;wd.Nghd;wd.Nghd;wd.
thq;fpfsthq;fpfsthq;fpfsthq;fpfs ;; ;;
JhzJhzJhzJhz;;;;lylylyly;;;;fisczhfisczhfisczhfisczh;;;;eeee;;;;JJJJ
nfhsnfhsnfhsnfhs;;;;stjwstjwstjwstjw;;;;fhffhffhffhf vkJvkJvkJvkJ
clypyclypyclypyclypy;;;; fhzgfhzgfhzgfhzg;;;;gLkgLkgLkgLk;;;;
mqmqmqmq;;;;fqfqfqfq;;;;fsfsfsfs;;;; thqthqthqthq;;;;fpfsfpfsfpfsfpfs;;;;
vdgvdgvdgvdg;;;;gLkgLkgLkgLk;.;.;.;.
fzfzfzfz;;;;fhJfhJfhJfhJ
%f;F%f;F%f;F%f;F
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 5
vdgvdgvdgvdg;;;;gLkgLkgLkgLk;.;.;.;.
cjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzk;;;; ::::----
fzfzfzfz;;;; fhJfhJfhJfhJ
ehfehfehfehf;;;;FFFF NjhyNjhyNjhyNjhy;;;;
%%%%ffff;;;;F(kzEfhF(kzEfhF(kzEfhF(kzEfh;;;;rrrr;;;;rpfrpfrpfrpf;;;;
fyqfyqfyqfyq;;;;fsfsfsfs;;;;))))
%f;F%f;F%f;F%f;F
Njhy;Njhy;Njhy;Njhy;
Jyq;fy;fs;Jyq;fy;fs;Jyq;fy;fs;Jyq;fy;fs;
Jhz;ly;fSf;F Vw;g Jhz;ly;fSf;F Vw;g Jhz;ly;fSf;F Vw;g Jhz;ly;fSf;F Vw;g
vkJ clyhy; vkJ clyhy; vkJ clyhy; vkJ clyhy;
fhl;lg;gLk; tpisTfs; fhl;lg;gLk; tpisTfs; fhl;lg;gLk; tpisTfs; fhl;lg;gLk; tpisTfs;
Jyq;fy;fs; vdg;gLk;.Jyq;fy;fs; vdg;gLk;.Jyq;fy;fs; vdg;gLk;.Jyq;fy;fs; vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :----
fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld;
tpisT fhl;bfs;tpisT fhl;bfs;tpisT fhl;bfs;tpisT fhl;bfs;
JhzJhzJhzJhz;;;;lylylyly;;;;fSffSffSffSf;;;;FFFF VwVwVwVw;;;;gggg
JyqJyqJyqJyq;;;;fyfyfyfy;;;;fisffisffisffisf;;;;fhlfhlfhlfhl;;;;LkLkLkLk;;;;
mqmqmqmq;;;;fqfqfqfq;;;;fsfsfsfs;;;; tpisTtpisTtpisTtpisT
fhlfhlfhlfhl;;;;bfsbfsbfsbfs;;;; vdgvdgvdgvdg;;;;gLkgLkgLkgLk;.;.;.;.
cjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzk;;;; ::::----
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 6
fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld; fhypy; Ks; Fj;jpTld;
fhiyj; Jhf;Fjy;.fhiyj; Jhf;Fjy;.fhiyj; Jhf;Fjy;.fhiyj; Jhf;Fjy;.
khk;goj;ij epidf;f khk;goj;ij epidf;f khk;goj;ij epidf;f khk;goj;ij epidf;f
ifapy; ckpo;ePh; ifapy; ckpo;ePh; ifapy; ckpo;ePh; ifapy; ckpo;ePh;
Ruj;jy;.Ruj;jy;.Ruj;jy;.Ruj;jy;.
cjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzkcjhuzk;;;; ::::----
RugRugRugRug;;;;gpfsgpfsgpfsgpfs;;;; ----
ckpockpockpockpo;;;;ePhePhePhePh;;;;rrrr;;;;RugRugRugRug;;;;gpgpgpgp....
clypdclypdclypdclypd;;;; jirfsjirfsjirfsjirfs;.;.;.;.
euk;GfSk; euk;Gj; euk;GfSk; euk;Gj; euk;GfSk; euk;Gj; euk;GfSk; euk;Gj;
njhFjpAk;njhFjpAk;njhFjpAk;njhFjpAk;
vkJ clypy; euk;G vkJ clypy; euk;G vkJ clypy; euk;G vkJ clypy; euk;G
,iaghf;fj;ij ,iaghf;fj;ij ,iaghf;fj;ij ,iaghf;fj;ij
Nkw;nfhs;tJ euk;Gj; Nkw;nfhs;tJ euk;Gj; Nkw;nfhs;tJ euk;Gj; Nkw;nfhs;tJ euk;Gj;
njhFjpahFk;.njhFjpahFk;.njhFjpahFk;.njhFjpahFk;.
euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp
%is
ak;
Kz;zhd;
%sp
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 7
euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp
euk;Gfshy;Mf;fg;gLk;.euk;Gfshy;Mf;fg;gLk;.euk;Gfshy;Mf;fg;gLk;.euk;Gfshy;Mf;fg;gLk;.
vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy; vkJ clypy;
euk;Gfs;gue;Js;stpjk; euk;Gfs;gue;Js;stpjk; euk;Gfs;gue;Js;stpjk; euk;Gfs;gue;Js;stpjk;
glj;jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J. glj;jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J. glj;jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J. glj;jpy;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;J. Vida euk;Gfs;
euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;
vkJ clypy; thq;fp vkJ clypy; thq;fp vkJ clypy; thq;fp vkJ clypy; thq;fp
fSf;Fk; tpisTfhl;b fSf;Fk; tpisTfhl;b fSf;Fk; tpisTfhl;b fSf;Fk; tpisTfhl;b
fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; fSf;Fk; ,ilapy;
nra;jpfisg;ghpkhw;wk; nra;jpfisg;ghpkhw;wk; nra;jpfisg;ghpkhw;wk; nra;jpfisg;ghpkhw;wk;
nra;tjw;fhff; fhzg; nra;tjw;fhff; fhzg; nra;tjw;fhff; fhzg; nra;tjw;fhff; fhzg;
gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G
euk;Gf;fyk; euk;Gf;fyk; euk;Gf;fyk; euk;Gf;fyk; cl;fhT euk;G cl;fhT euk;G cl;fhT euk;G cl;fhT euk;G
Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;
fyTly;fyTly;fyTly;fyTly;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 8
gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G gLk; fyq;fs; euk;G
fshFk;.fshFk;.fshFk;.fshFk;.
vkJ clypy; cs;s vkJ clypy; cs;s vkJ clypy; cs;s vkJ clypy; cs;s
ePz;l fyq;fs; ePz;l fyq;fs; ePz;l fyq;fs; ePz;l fyq;fs;
euk;GfshFk;. euk;GfshFk;. euk;GfshFk;. euk;GfshFk;. ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT
euk;G Kisfs;euk;G Kisfs;euk;G Kisfs;euk;G Kisfs;
kaypd; ftrk;kaypd; ftrk;kaypd; ftrk;kaypd; ftrk;
euk;Gf;fyj;jpd; gFjp euk;Gf;fyj;jpd; gFjp euk;Gf;fyj;jpd; gFjp euk;Gf;fyj;jpd; gFjp
fspd; njhopy;fs;fspd; njhopy;fs;fspd; njhopy;fs;fspd; njhopy;fs;
fyTly;fyTly;fyTly;fyTly;
fyj;jpd; rfy nraw; fyj;jpd; rfy nraw; fyj;jpd; rfy nraw; fyj;jpd; rfy nraw;
ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg;
fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis
fyTliy Nehf;fpf; fyTliy Nehf;fpf; fyTliy Nehf;fpf; fyTliy Nehf;fpf;
flj;jy;.flj;jy;.flj;jy;.flj;jy;.
kaypd; kaypd; kaypd; kaypd;
ftrk;;ftrk;;ftrk;;ftrk;;
fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 9
ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg; ghLfisAk; fl;Lg;
gLj;jy;gLj;jy;gLj;jy;gLj;jy;
cl;fhT cl;fhT cl;fhT cl;fhT
euk;G euk;G euk;G euk;G
Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;
fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij fzj;jhf;f Ntfj;ij
mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.mjpfhpj;jy;.
ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT ntspf;;fhT
euk;G euk;G euk;G euk;G
Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;Kisfs;fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis fzj;jhf;fq;fis
fyTlypy; ,Ue;J ntsp fyTlypy; ,Ue;J ntsp fyTlypy; ,Ue;J ntsp fyTlypy; ,Ue;J ntsp
Nehf;fpf; flj;jy;.Nehf;fpf; flj;jy;.Nehf;fpf; flj;jy;.Nehf;fpf; flj;jy;.
euk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjpeuk;Gj; njhFjp
euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp euk;Gj; njhFjp
euk;Gfs; gy Nrh;e;J euk;Gfs; gy Nrh;e;J euk;Gfs; gy Nrh;e;J euk;Gfs; gy Nrh;e;J
Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.Mf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
kdpj euk;Gj;njhFjp kdpj euk;Gj;njhFjp kdpj euk;Gj;njhFjp kdpj euk;Gj;njhFjp
gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;
ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj;
njhFjpnjhFjpnjhFjpnjhFjp
%is%is%is%is Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 10
gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;gpd;tUkhW gphpf;fg;
gLk;.gLk;.gLk;.gLk;.
1.1.1.1. ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj; ika euk;Gj;
njhFjp.njhFjp.njhFjp.njhFjp.
2.2.2.2. Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj;
njhFjp.njhFjp.njhFjp.njhFjp.
Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj; Rw;way; euk;Gj;
njhFjpnjhFjpnjhFjpnjhFjp
,r;ir top ,r;ir top ,r;ir top ,r;ir top
euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;euk;Gfs;
,r;ir ,d;wp ,r;ir ,d;wp ,r;ir ,d;wp ,r;ir ,d;wp
euk;Gfs;.euk;Gfs;.euk;Gfs;.euk;Gfs;.
%is %is %is %is (Brain)
kdpj %is kdpj %is kdpj %is kdpj %is
kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs;
fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.
kdpj %is gpd;tUk; kdpj %is gpd;tUk; kdpj %is gpd;tUk; kdpj %is gpd;tUk;
gpujhd gFjpfisf; gpujhd gFjpfisf; gpujhd gFjpfisf; gpujhd gFjpfisf;
nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.
%isapd; gf;f %isapd; gf;f %isapd; gf;f %isapd; gf;f ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;.ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;.ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;.ntl;Lj; Njhw;wk;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 11
nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.nfhz;lJ.
1. %isak;.1. %isak;.1. %isak;.1. %isak;.
2. %sp2. %sp2. %sp2. %sp
3. ePs;tisa 3. ePs;tisa 3. ePs;tisa 3. ePs;tisa ----
ikatpioak;.ikatpioak;.ikatpioak;.ikatpioak;.
1
3 2
%isapd; mikg;G%isapd; mikg;G%isapd; mikg;G%isapd; mikg;G
kdpj %is kdpj %is kdpj %is kdpj %is
kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs;
ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg; ghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.gl;Ls;sJ.gl;Ls;sJ.gl;Ls;sJ.
,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T
kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; kz;ilNahl;bDs; %is%is%is%is
kz;ilkz;ilkz;ilkz;il
NahLNahLNahLNahL
%isak;%isak;%isak;%isak;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 12
,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T ,J 3 rUk nkd;rt;T
fshy; R+og;gl;bUf;Fk;.fshy; R+og;gl;bUf;Fk;.fshy; R+og;gl;bUf;Fk;.fshy; R+og;gl;bUf;Fk;.
,k;nkd;rt;TfSf; ,k;nkd;rt;TfSf; ,k;nkd;rt;TfSf; ,k;nkd;rt;TfSf;
fpilNa %isa fpilNa %isa fpilNa %isa fpilNa %isa ----
Kz;zhd; gha;kk; Kz;zhd; gha;kk; Kz;zhd; gha;kk; Kz;zhd; gha;kk;
epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;.epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;.epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;.epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk;.
Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;
%sp%sp%sp%sp
ePs;isa ePs;isa ePs;isa ePs;isa
ikatpioak;ikatpioak;ikatpioak;ikatpioak;
%isa Kz;zhd; %isa Kz;zhd; %isa Kz;zhd; %isa Kz;zhd;
gha;kk; Kisia gha;kk; Kisia gha;kk; Kisia gha;kk; Kisia
mjph;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J mjph;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J mjph;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J mjph;r;rpfspy; ,Ue;J
ghJfhf;fpwJ.ghJfhf;fpwJ.ghJfhf;fpwJ.ghJfhf;fpwJ.
%isak;%isak;%isak;%isak;
%isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk;
,lJ ,lJ ,lJ ,lJ
%isa %isa %isa %isa
miuf; miuf; miuf; miuf;
Nfhsk;Nfhsk;Nfhsk;Nfhsk;
tyJ tyJ tyJ tyJ
%isa %isa %isa %isa
miuf; miuf; miuf; miuf;
Nfhsk;Nfhsk;Nfhsk;Nfhsk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 13
%isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk; %isapd; ngUk;
gFjp ,JthFk;.gFjp ,JthFk;.gFjp ,JthFk;.gFjp ,JthFk;.
,J 2 %isa miuf; ,J 2 %isa miuf; ,J 2 %isa miuf; ,J 2 %isa miuf;
Nfhsq;fshfg; Nfhsq;fshfg; Nfhsq;fshfg; Nfhsq;fshfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;bUk;. gphpf;fg;gl;bUk;. gphpf;fg;gl;bUk;. gphpf;fg;gl;bUk;.
%isa %isa %isa %isa miuf;Nfhsq;fspd; miuf;Nfhsq;fspd; miuf;Nfhsq;fspd; miuf;Nfhsq;fspd; Nkw;gf;fj;Njhw;wk;.Nkw;gf;fj;Njhw;wk;.Nkw;gf;fj;Njhw;wk;.Nkw;gf;fj;Njhw;wk;.
kdpj %isakhdJ kdpj %isakhdJ kdpj %isakhdJ kdpj %isakhdJ
gy kpy;ypad; euk;G gy kpy;ypad; euk;G gy kpy;ypad; euk;G gy kpy;ypad; euk;G
fshy; MdJ.fshy; MdJ.fshy; MdJ.fshy; MdJ.
%isaj;jpy; gy %isaj;jpy; gy %isaj;jpy; gy %isaj;jpy; gy
kbg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLkbg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLkbg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLkbg;Gf;fs; fhzg;gL
fpd;wd.fpd;wd.fpd;wd.fpd;wd.
cz;L.cz;L.cz;L.cz;L.
4 NfhizfspdJk; 4 NfhizfspdJk; 4 NfhizfspdJk; 4 NfhizfspdJk; miktplq;fs;miktplq;fs;miktplq;fs;miktplq;fs;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 14
fpd;wd.fpd;wd.fpd;wd.fpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; nghpa ,tw;wpy; nghpa ,tw;wpy; nghpa ,tw;wpy; nghpa
kbg;Gf;fs; rhy;fs; kbg;Gf;fs; rhy;fs; kbg;Gf;fs; rhy;fs; kbg;Gf;fs; rhy;fs;
vdg;gLk;. Xt;nthU vdg;gLk;. Xt;nthU vdg;gLk;. Xt;nthU vdg;gLk;. Xt;nthU
%isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs
j;jpYk; 4 Nrhizfs; j;jpYk; 4 Nrhizfs; j;jpYk; 4 Nrhizfs; j;jpYk; 4 Nrhizfs;
Ejw;NrhizEjw;NrhizEjw;NrhizEjw;Nrhiz
filEjw;filEjw;filEjw;filEjw;NrhizNrhizNrhizNrhiz Rtr;NrhizRtr;NrhizRtr;NrhizRtr;Nrhiz
gplh;r; gplh;r; gplh;r; gplh;r; NrhizNrhizNrhizNrhiz
%isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs %isa miuf;Nfhs
q;fs; tyJ>,lJ q;fs; tyJ>,lJ q;fs; tyJ>,lJ q;fs; tyJ>,lJ
vdg;gphpf;fg;gLk;. vdg;gphpf;fg;gLk;. vdg;gphpf;fg;gLk;. vdg;gphpf;fg;gLk;.
,tw;wpy; tyJ ,tw;wpy; tyJ ,tw;wpy; tyJ ,tw;wpy; tyJ
miuf; Nfhsk; miuf; Nfhsk; miuf; Nfhsk; miuf; Nfhsk;
clypd; ,lJ gf;fr; clypd; ,lJ gf;fr; clypd; ,lJ gf;fr; clypd; ,lJ gf;fr;
nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; kdpj %isaj;jpd;; kdpj %isaj;jpd;; kdpj %isaj;jpd;; kdpj %isaj;jpd;;
nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 15
nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;
,lJ miuf;Nfhsk; ,lJ miuf;Nfhsk; ,lJ miuf;Nfhsk; ,lJ miuf;Nfhsk;
clypd; tyJ gf;fr; clypd; tyJ gf;fr; clypd; tyJ gf;fr; clypd; tyJ gf;fr;
nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfisAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf; nraw;ghLfisf;
fhl;Lk; glk;.fhl;Lk; glk;.fhl;Lk; glk;.fhl;Lk; glk;.
,jd;ngUg;gpf;fg;gl;l,jd;ngUg;gpf;fg;gl;l,jd;ngUg;gpf;fg;gl;l,jd;ngUg;gpf;fg;gl;l
glk; mLj;j glk; mLj;j glk; mLj;j glk; mLj;j
gf;fj;jpy; cz;L.gf;fj;jpy; cz;L.gf;fj;jpy; cz;L.gf;fj;jpy; cz;L.
tpNtfk; tpNtfk; tpNtfk; tpNtfk;
vOj;Jj; vOj;Jj; vOj;Jj; vOj;Jj;
jpwd;jpwd;jpwd;jpwd;vz;fspd; vz;fspd; vz;fspd; vz;fspd;
Mw;wy;Mw;wy;Mw;wy;Mw;wy;
Kg;ghpkhz Kg;ghpkhz Kg;ghpkhz Kg;ghpkhz
Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;Njhw;wk;
rpj;jpuk; rpj;jpuk; rpj;jpuk; rpj;jpuk;
tiujy;tiujy;tiujy;tiujy;
Mo;e;jmwpTMo;e;jmwpTMo;e;jmwpTMo;e;jmwpT
,lJ ,lJ ,lJ ,lJ
%isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;
tyJ tyJ tyJ tyJ
%isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd; %isaj;jpd;
njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;
%isaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; glk;%isaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; glk;%isaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; glk;%isaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; glk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 16Scientific Skill
Right
tyJ tyJ tyJ tyJ
gf;ff; gf;ff; gf;ff; gf;ff;
fl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghL
tpQ;Qhd tpQ;Qhd tpQ;Qhd tpQ;Qhd
Mw;wy;fs;Mw;wy;fs;Mw;wy;fs;Mw;wy;fs;
Ngr;R Ngr;R Ngr;R Ngr;R
nkhopj;jpwd;nkhopj;jpwd;nkhopj;jpwd;nkhopj;jpwd;
thjpj;jy;thjpj;jy;thjpj;jy;thjpj;jy;tiujy;tiujy;tiujy;tiujy;
fw;gid fw;gid fw;gid fw;gid
nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;
rq;fPj rq;fPj rq;fPj rq;fPj
Qhdk;Qhdk;Qhdk;Qhdk;
,lJ gf;ff; ,lJ gf;ff; ,lJ gf;ff; ,lJ gf;ff;
fl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghLfl;Lg;ghL
%sp%sp%sp%sp
%isaj;jpd; gplh;r;%isaj;jpd; gplh;r;%isaj;jpd; gplh;r;%isaj;jpd; gplh;r;
Nrhizf;Fg; gpd;dhy;Nrhizf;Fg; gpd;dhy;Nrhizf;Fg; gpd;dhy;Nrhizf;Fg; gpd;dhy;
rw;Wf; fPohff; rw;Wf; fPohff; rw;Wf; fPohff; rw;Wf; fPohff;
fhzg;gLk;. cliyfhzg;gLk;. cliyfhzg;gLk;. cliyfhzg;gLk;. cliy
rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>
ePs;tisaikatpiok;ePs;tisaikatpiok;ePs;tisaikatpiok;ePs;tisaikatpiok;
%isaj;jpd; njhlh;r; %isaj;jpd; njhlh;r; %isaj;jpd; njhlh;r; %isaj;jpd; njhlh;r;
rpahf ,J mikAk;. rpahf ,J mikAk;. rpahf ,J mikAk;. rpahf ,J mikAk;.
Rthrk;> ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk;> ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk;> ,jaj;Jbg;G Rthrk;> ,jaj;Jbg;G
vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg;
nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 17
rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>rkdpiyg;gLj;jJjy;>
gyjirfspd; nraw; gyjirfspd; nraw; gyjirfspd; nraw; gyjirfspd; nraw;
ghl;il xUq;fpirj;jy; ghl;il xUq;fpirj;jy; ghl;il xUq;fpirj;jy; ghl;il xUq;fpirj;jy;
Nghd;w nray;ghL Nghd;w nray;ghL Nghd;w nray;ghL Nghd;w nray;ghL
fSf;F ,JnghWg;ghf fSf;F ,JnghWg;ghf fSf;F ,JnghWg;ghf fSf;F ,JnghWg;ghf
mikAk;.mikAk;.mikAk;.mikAk;.
nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;. nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
gplhpg;gFjpapy; mbgLk; gplhpg;gFjpapy; mbgLk; gplhpg;gFjpapy; mbgLk; gplhpg;gFjpapy; mbgLk;
NghJ ,J ghjpg;gil NghJ ,J ghjpg;gil NghJ ,J ghjpg;gil NghJ ,J ghjpg;gil
ayhk;. ,jdhy; kuzk; ayhk;. ,jdhy; kuzk; ayhk;. ,jdhy; kuzk; ayhk;. ,jdhy; kuzk;
Vw;glyhk;.Vw;glyhk;.Vw;glyhk;.Vw;glyhk;.
%iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk; %iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk; %iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk; %iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk; (Summary)
gFjpfs;gFjpfs;gFjpfs;gFjpfs; njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;
%isak;%isak;%isak;%isak; Gyd; cWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J Gyd; cWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J Gyd; cWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J Gyd; cWg;Gfspy; ,Ue;J
fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfis czh;e;J fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfis czh;e;J fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfis czh;e;J fpilf;Fk; nra;jpfis czh;e;J
nfhs;sy;.nfhs;sy;.nfhs;sy;.nfhs;sy;.
,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 18
,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis ,r;irtop ,aq;F nray;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
Gj;jp rpe;id Qhgfk; Nghd;w cah; Gj;jp rpe;id Qhgfk; Nghd;w cah; Gj;jp rpe;id Qhgfk; Nghd;w cah; Gj;jp rpe;id Qhgfk; Nghd;w cah;
csj; njhopw;ghLfis csj; njhopw;ghLfis csj; njhopw;ghLfis csj; njhopw;ghLfis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
%iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk%iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk%iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk%iaapd; gFjpfSk; njhopy;fSk ;; ;;
gFjpfs;gFjpfs;gFjpfs;gFjpfs; njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;njhopy;
ePs;tioa ePs;tioa ePs;tioa ePs;tioa
ikatpioikatpioikatpioikatpio
ak;;ak;;ak;;ak;;
Rthrk; ,jaj;Jbg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; Rthrk; ,jaj;Jbg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; Rthrk; ,jaj;Jbg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; Rthrk; ,jaj;Jbg;G vd;gtw;Wf;Fg;
nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy;.
%sp%sp%sp%sp clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 19
%sp%sp%sp%sp clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.clypd; rkepiy Ngzy;.
clw; jirfspd; nraw;ghl;il clw; jirfspd; nraw;ghl;il clw; jirfspd; nraw;ghl;il clw; jirfspd; nraw;ghl;il
xOq;fikj;jy;.xOq;fikj;jy;.xOq;fikj;jy;.xOq;fikj;jy;.
%sp rpijf;fg;gl;l gwit caUld; %sp rpijf;fg;gl;l gwit caUld; %sp rpijf;fg;gl;l gwit caUld; %sp rpijf;fg;gl;l gwit caUld;
,Ue;jhYk; mjdhy; gwf;f KbahJ. fhuzk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjdhy; gwf;f KbahJ. fhuzk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjdhy; gwf;f KbahJ. fhuzk; ,Ue;jhYk; mjdhy; gwf;f KbahJ. fhuzk;
rkdpiyg;gLj;j KbahikahFk;.rkdpiyg;gLj;j KbahikahFk;.rkdpiyg;gLj;j KbahikahFk;.rkdpiyg;gLj;j KbahikahFk;.
Kz;zhd; Kz;zhd; Kz;zhd; Kz;zhd; (Spinal cord)
ePs;tioaikatpioaePs;tioaikatpioaePs;tioaikatpioaePs;tioaikatpioa
j;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf j;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf j;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf j;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf
,J mikAk;. ,J ,J mikAk;. ,J ,J mikAk;. ,J ,J mikAk;. ,J
ghJfhg;ghf Ks;se; ghJfhg;ghf Ks;se; ghJfhg;ghf Ks;se; ghJfhg;ghf Ks;se;
jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg;
Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 20
jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg; jz;bDs; itf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk;.,r;ir,d;wp gl;bUf;Fk;.,r;ir,d;wp gl;bUf;Fk;.,r;ir,d;wp gl;bUf;Fk;.,r;ir,d;wp
,aq;F nray;fs; ,aq;F nray;fs; ,aq;F nray;fs; ,aq;F nray;fs;
gytw;iw ,J gytw;iw ,J gytw;iw ,J gytw;iw ,J
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 21
Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;Kz;zhdpd; F.nt. Njhw;wk;
ntz;rlg;nghUs;ntz;rlg;nghUs;ntz;rlg;nghUs;ntz;rlg;nghUs;
eiur;rlg;eiur;rlg;eiur;rlg;eiur;rlg;
nghUs;nghUs;nghUs;nghUs;
Gyd;euk;GGyd;euk;GGyd;euk;GGyd;euk;GKJFg; Gw KJFg; Gw KJFg; Gw KJFg; Gw Nth;j; Nth;j; Nth;j; Nth;j; jpul;Ljpul;Ljpul;Ljpul;L
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 22
,af;feuk;G,af;feuk;G,af;feuk;G,af;feuk;G
,il ,il ,il ,il euk;Geuk;Geuk;Geuk;G
Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;
Kz;zd; MdJ %isapd; Kz;zd; MdJ %isapd; Kz;zd; MdJ %isapd; Kz;zd; MdJ %isapd;
gFjpahfpa ePs;tioaikagFjpahfpa ePs;tioaikagFjpahfpa ePs;tioaikagFjpahfpa ePs;tioaika
tpioaj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf tpioaj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf tpioaj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf tpioaj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpahf
mikAk;.mikAk;.mikAk;.mikAk;.Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;Kz;zhd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 23
,J Ks;se;jz;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf fhzg;gLk;. ,J Ks;se;jz;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf fhzg;gLk;. ,J Ks;se;jz;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf fhzg;gLk;. ,J Ks;se;jz;bDs; ghJfhg;ghf fhzg;gLk;.
tsh;e;j xUthpd; Kz;zhd; Vwj;jhs tsh;e;j xUthpd; Kz;zhd; Vwj;jhs tsh;e;j xUthpd; Kz;zhd; Vwj;jhs tsh;e;j xUthpd; Kz;zhd; Vwj;jhs 45cm
ePsKilaJ. ,jd; jbg;G Vwj;jhs rpd;dtpuy; ePsKilaJ. ,jd; jbg;G Vwj;jhs rpd;dtpuy; ePsKilaJ. ,jd; jbg;G Vwj;jhs rpd;dtpuy; ePsKilaJ. ,jd; jbg;G Vwj;jhs rpd;dtpuy;
msTilaJ. msTilaJ. msTilaJ. msTilaJ.
Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;
Kz;zd; FWf;F ntl;by; Kz;zd; FWf;F ntl;by; Kz;zd; FWf;F ntl;by; Kz;zd; FWf;F ntl;by;
ntz;rlg;nghUs;> eiur;rlg;nghUs; ntz;rlg;nghUs;> eiur;rlg;nghUs; ntz;rlg;nghUs;> eiur;rlg;nghUs; ntz;rlg;nghUs;> eiur;rlg;nghUs;
vDk; 2 gFjpfs; cz;L.vDk; 2 gFjpfs; cz;L.vDk; 2 gFjpfs; cz;L.vDk; 2 gFjpfs; cz;L.
eiur;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUs; H tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;. tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;. tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;. tbtpy; fhzg;gLk;.
,g;gFjpapy; euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; fyTly; ,g;gFjpapy; euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; fyTly; ,g;gFjpapy; euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; fyTly; ,g;gFjpapy; euk;Gf; fyq;fspd; fyTly;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 24
fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
eiur;rlg; nghUisr; #o ntz;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUisr; #o ntz;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUisr; #o ntz;rlg; nghUs; eiur;rlg; nghUisr; #o ntz;rlg; nghUs;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; kaypd; ftrj;ij nfhz;l fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; kaypd; ftrj;ij nfhz;l fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; kaypd; ftrj;ij nfhz;l fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; kaypd; ftrj;ij nfhz;l
euk;G ehh;fs; fhzg;gLk;. euk;G ehh;fs; fhzg;gLk;. euk;G ehh;fs; fhzg;gLk;. euk;G ehh;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
Kz;zhdpdKz;zhdpdKz;zhdpdKz;zhdpd; ; ; ; mikg;igmikg;igmikg;igmikg;ig tpghpj;jytpghpj;jytpghpj;jytpghpj;jy;;;;
Kz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhd; ; ; ; Ks;se;jz;bDsKs;se;jz;bDsKs;se;jz;bDsKs;se;jz;bDs; ; ; ;
ghJfhg;ghfghJfhg;ghfghJfhg;ghfghJfhg;ghf itf;fg;gl;bUgitf;fg;gl;bUgitf;fg;gl;bUgitf;fg;gl;bUg; ; ; ;
gJldgJldgJldgJld; ; ; ; rUkrUkrUkrUk nkd;rt;TfshYknkd;rt;TfshYknkd;rt;TfshYknkd;rt;TfshYk; ; ; ;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ. . . .
thq;fpaq;fq;fspythq;fpaq;fq;fspythq;fpaq;fq;fspythq;fpaq;fq;fspy; ,; ,; ,; ,Ue;JUe;JUe;JUe;J Muk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;J Gyd;euk;GGyd;euk;GGyd;euk;GGyd;euk;G
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 25
Kz;zhDldKz;zhDldKz;zhDldKz;zhDld; ; ; ; njhlh;Gilahjffnjhlh;Gilahjffnjhlh;Gilahjffnjhlh;Gilahjff; ; ; ;
fhzg;gLkfhzg;gLkfhzg;gLkfhzg;gLk;. ;. ;. ;.
Kz;zhdpyKz;zhdpyKz;zhdpyKz;zhdpy; ,; ,; ,; ,Ue;JUe;JUe;JUe;J ,,,,af;feuk;Gaf;feuk;Gaf;feuk;Gaf;feuk;G Muk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;JMuk;gpj;J
tpisTfhl;biatpisTfhl;biatpisTfhl;biatpisTfhl;bia nrd;wilAknrd;wilAknrd;wilAknrd;wilAk;.;.;.;.
Kz;zhdpdKz;zhdpdKz;zhdpdKz;zhdpd; ; ; ; mikg;igmikg;igmikg;igmikg;ig tpghpj;jytpghpj;jytpghpj;jytpghpj;jy;;;;
GydGydGydGyd; ; ; ; euk;gpdeuk;gpdeuk;gpdeuk;gpd; ; ; ; fyTlyfyTlyfyTlyfyTly; ; ; ; euk;Gjeuk;Gjeuk;Gjeuk;Gj; ; ; ;
jpul;byjpul;byjpul;byjpul;by; ; ; ; fhzg;gLkfhzg;gLkfhzg;gLkfhzg;gLk;.;.;.;.
thq;fpaq;fspythq;fpaq;fspythq;fpaq;fspythq;fpaq;fspy; ,; ,; ,; ,Ue;JUe;JUe;JUe;J GydGydGydGyd; ; ; ;
euk;Gfseuk;Gfseuk;Gfseuk;Gfs; %; %; %; %ykykykyk; ; ; ; nra;jpnra;jpnra;jpnra;jp
Kz;zhidKz;zhidKz;zhidKz;zhid te;jilAkte;jilAkte;jilAkte;jilAk;.;.;.;.
nra;jpiagnra;jpiagnra;jpiagnra;jpiag; ; ; ; ngw;wngw;wngw;wngw;w Kz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhd; ; ; ; mjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;w
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 26
nra;jpiagnra;jpiagnra;jpiagnra;jpiag; ; ; ; ngw;wngw;wngw;wngw;w Kz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhdKz;zhd; ; ; ; mjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;wmjw;Nfw;w
tpisittpisittpisittpisit Vw;gLj;jfVw;gLj;jfVw;gLj;jfVw;gLj;jf; $; $; $; $babababa nra;jpianra;jpianra;jpianra;jpia
((((fzj;jhf;fj;ijfzj;jhf;fj;ijfzj;jhf;fj;ijfzj;jhf;fj;ij) ,) ,) ,) ,af;feuk;Gaf;feuk;Gaf;feuk;Gaf;feuk;G %%%%ykykykyk; ; ; ; tpisTtpisTtpisTtpisT
fhl;biafhl;biafhl;biafhl;bia Nehf;fpNehf;fpNehf;fpNehf;fp mDg;GkmDg;GkmDg;GkmDg;Gk;.;.;.;.
Kz;zhdp FWf;F ntl;LKz;zhdp FWf;F ntl;LKz;zhdp FWf;F ntl;LKz;zhdp FWf;F ntl;L
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 27
Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;Kz;zhdpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;
Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 31 Nrhb Kz;zhd; Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 31 Nrhb Kz;zhd; Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 31 Nrhb Kz;zhd; Kz;zhdpy; ,Ue;J 31 Nrhb Kz;zhd;
euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;
Gyd; euk;G
,af;f euk;G
fyg;G euk;G
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 28
euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J euk;Gfs; Muk;gpj;J cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;cly; KOtJk; guk;gpf;
fhzg;gLk;. ,k; Kz;zhd; euk;Gfs; fyg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,k; Kz;zhd; euk;Gfs; fyg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,k; Kz;zhd; euk;Gfs; fyg;G fhzg;gLk;. ,k; Kz;zhd; euk;Gfs; fyg;G
euk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fhuzk; Gyd; euk;GfSk; euk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fhuzk; Gyd; euk;GfSk; euk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fhuzk; Gyd; euk;GfSk; euk;Gfs; vdg;gLk;. fhuzk; Gyd; euk;GfSk;
,af;f euk;GfSk; xU ,lj;jpy; re;jpg;gjhy; ,af;f euk;GfSk; xU ,lj;jpy; re;jpg;gjhy; ,af;f euk;GfSk; xU ,lj;jpy; re;jpg;gjhy; ,af;f euk;GfSk; xU ,lj;jpy; re;jpg;gjhy;
MFk;. MFk;. MFk;. MFk;.
njwptpidnjwptpidnjwptpidnjwptpid
Jhz;ly; fpilf;fg;ngw;W kpff; FWfpa Jhz;ly; fpilf;fg;ngw;W kpff; FWfpa Jhz;ly; fpilf;fg;ngw;W kpff; FWfpa Jhz;ly; fpilf;fg;ngw;W kpff; FWfpa
Neuj;jpy; vk;ik mwpahkNy Jyq;fy; Neuj;jpy; vk;ik mwpahkNy Jyq;fy; Neuj;jpy; vk;ik mwpahkNy Jyq;fy; Neuj;jpy; vk;ik mwpahkNy Jyq;fy;
fhl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghL fhl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghL fhl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghL fhl;lg;gLk; nraw;ghL njwptpidnjwptpidnjwptpidnjwptpid vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :cjhuzk; :----
1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 29
1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj; 1. fhypy; Ks;Fw;wpaTld; fhiyj;
Jhf;Fjy;. Jhf;Fjy;. Jhf;Fjy;. Jhf;Fjy;.
2.2.2.2. neUg;Gr; Rl;lTld; ifia ,Oj;jy;.neUg;Gr; Rl;lTld; ifia ,Oj;jy;.neUg;Gr; Rl;lTld; ifia ,Oj;jy;.neUg;Gr; Rl;lTld; ifia ,Oj;jy;.
3.3.3.3. ,Uky;> Jk;ky;> Fkl;ly;> Giuf;NfWjy; ,Uky;> Jk;ky;> Fkl;ly;> Giuf;NfWjy; ,Uky;> Jk;ky;> Fkl;ly;> Giuf;NfWjy; ,Uky;> Jk;ky;> Fkl;ly;> Giuf;NfWjy;
Nghd;wdTk; njwptidr; nraw;ghlhFk;. Nghd;wdTk; njwptidr; nraw;ghlhFk;. Nghd;wdTk; njwptidr; nraw;ghlhFk;. Nghd;wdTk; njwptidr; nraw;ghlhFk;.
njwptpid nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; glk;njwptpid nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; glk;njwptpid nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; glk;njwptpid nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fk; glk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 30
njwptpidr; nraw;ghL eilngWk; ghij njwptpidr; nraw;ghL eilngWk; ghij njwptpidr; nraw;ghL eilngWk; ghij njwptpidr; nraw;ghL eilngWk; ghij ---- njwptpy;njwptpy;njwptpy;njwptpy;
Gyd; euk;G
fyg;G euk;G
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 31
,af;f euk;G
jd;dhl;rp euk;Gfspd; njhopy;fs;jd;dhl;rp euk;Gfspd; njhopy;fs;jd;dhl;rp euk;Gfspd; njhopy;fs;jd;dhl;rp euk;Gfspd; njhopy;fs;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 32
thq;fp mq;fq;fSk; thq;fp mq;fq;fSk; thq;fp mq;fq;fSk; thq;fp mq;fq;fSk;
njhopy;fSk;njhopy;fSk;njhopy;fSk;njhopy;fSk;
vkJ clypy; 5 vkJ clypy; 5 vkJ clypy; 5 vkJ clypy; 5
thq;fpaq;fq;fs; thq;fpaq;fq;fs; thq;fpaq;fq;fs; thq;fpaq;fq;fs;
cz;L.cz;L.cz;L.cz;L.
1.1.1.1. fz;fz;fz;fz; ---- ghh;it.ghh;it.ghh;it.ghh;it.
kdpjf; fz;kdpjf; fz;kdpjf; fz;kdpjf; fz;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 33
1.1.1.1. fz;fz;fz;fz; ---- ghh;it.ghh;it.ghh;it.ghh;it.
2.2.2.2. fhJfhJfhJfhJ – Nfl;ly;Nfl;ly;Nfl;ly;Nfl;ly;
3.3.3.3. %f;F %f;F %f;F %f;F ---- kzj;jy;kzj;jy;kzj;jy;kzj;jy;
4.4.4.4. ehf;Fehf;Fehf;Fehf;F – Ritj;jy;Ritj;jy;Ritj;jy;Ritj;jy;
5.5.5.5. Njhy;Njhy;Njhy;Njhy; ---- njhLif njhLif njhLif njhLif
#L> Fsph; czh;jy; #L> Fsph; czh;jy; #L> Fsph; czh;jy; #L> Fsph; czh;jy;
kdpjf; fz; fl; kdpjf; fz; fl; kdpjf; fz; fl; kdpjf; fz; fl;
Nfhsj;jpy; MW fl; Nfhsj;jpy; MW fl; Nfhsj;jpy; MW fl; Nfhsj;jpy; MW fl;
jirfs; %yk;,izf; jirfs; %yk;,izf; jirfs; %yk;,izf; jirfs; %yk;,izf;
fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.fg;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;.
kdpjf; fz;zpd; ne.ntkdpjf; fz;zpd; ne.ntkdpjf; fz;zpd; ne.ntkdpjf; fz;zpd; ne.nt
td;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; gil
NjhYUg; gilNjhYUg; gilNjhYUg; gilNjhYUg; gil
tpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiu
tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk;
fz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzpkQ;rw; nghl;LkQ;rw; nghl;LkQ;rw; nghl;LkQ;rw; nghl;L
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 34
fz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iy
fjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhsp
gprpUly;gprpUly;gprpUly;gprpUly;fl;jirfl;jirfl;jirfl;jir
FUl;blk;FUl;blk;FUl;blk;FUl;blk;
kdpjf; fz;zpd; kdpjf; fz;zpd; kdpjf; fz;zpd; kdpjf; fz;zpd;
mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G
kdpjf; fz;zhdJ kdpjf; fz;zhdJ kdpjf; fz;zhdJ kdpjf; fz;zhdJ
Kw;gf;f Nehf;fpy; 2.5 Kw;gf;f Nehf;fpy; 2.5 Kw;gf;f Nehf;fpy; 2.5 Kw;gf;f Nehf;fpy; 2.5
cm tpl;lKilaJ.tpl;lKilaJ.tpl;lKilaJ.tpl;lKilaJ.
fl;Nfhsk; vDk; fl;Nfhsk; vDk; fl;Nfhsk; vDk; fl;Nfhsk; vDk;
gFjpapDs; fl;jirfs; gFjpapDs; fl;jirfs; gFjpapDs; fl;jirfs; gFjpapDs; fl;jirfs;
%yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bU %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bU %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bU %yk; ,izf;fg;gl;bU
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 35
f;Fk;. Nky; fPo;f;Fk;. Nky; fPo;f;Fk;. Nky; fPo;f;Fk;. Nky; fPo;
,ikfs; %yk; ,ikfs; %yk; ,ikfs; %yk; ,ikfs; %yk;
ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;fj;ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;fj;ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;fj;ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;fj;
jf;f tifapy; jf;f tifapy; jf;f tifapy; jf;f tifapy;
fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.fhzg;gLk;.
2.5 cm
fl;jirfs; fz;Zld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gfl;jirfs; fz;Zld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gfl;jirfs; fz;Zld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gfl;jirfs; fz;Zld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s mikg;G
fl;jirfs;fl;jirfs;fl;jirfs;fl;jirfs;td;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; giltd;NfhJg; gil
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 36
tp;opntz;glyk;tp;opntz;glyk;tp;opntz;glyk;tp;opntz;glyk;
2. eLg;gil 2. eLg;gil 2. eLg;gil 2. eLg;gil –
NjhYU>NjhYU>NjhYU>NjhYU>
gprpUly;>gprpUly;>gprpUly;>gprpUly;>
fjpuhsp.fjpuhsp.fjpuhsp.fjpuhsp.
3. cl;gil 3. cl;gil 3. cl;gil 3. cl;gil –
tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.fz;zpd; neLf;F fz;zpd; neLf;F fz;zpd; neLf;F fz;zpd; neLf;F
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 37
fz; 3 gilfisf; fz; 3 gilfisf; fz; 3 gilfisf; fz; 3 gilfisf;
nfhz;lJnfhz;lJnfhz;lJnfhz;lJ....
1. ntspg;gil1. ntspg;gil1. ntspg;gil1. ntspg;gil ----td;NfhJ> td;NfhJ> td;NfhJ> td;NfhJ>
tpopntz;glyk;.tpopntz;glyk;.tpopntz;glyk;.tpopntz;glyk;.
tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.tpopj;jpiu.ntl;L ntl;L ntl;L ntl;L
tpspntz; tpspntz; tpspntz; tpspntz;
glyk;glyk;glyk;glyk;
td; td; td; td;
NfhJg; NfhJg; NfhJg; NfhJg;
gilgilgilgil
tpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiu
fjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhsp
NjhYUg; NjhYUg; NjhYUg; NjhYUg;
gilgilgilgil
fz;zpy; ghh;it Vw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; glk;fz;zpy; ghh;it Vw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; glk;fz;zpy; ghh;it Vw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; glk;fz;zpy; ghh;it Vw;gLtijf; fhl;Lk; glk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 38
fz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk ;; ;;
gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;
tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk;tpopntz;glyk; fz;zpDs; xspiag; Gftply;fz;zpDs; xspiag; Gftply;fz;zpDs; xspiag; Gftply;fz;zpDs; xspiag; Gftply;
td;NfhJg; td;NfhJg; td;NfhJg; td;NfhJg;
gilgilgilgil
fz;izg; ghJfhj;jy;> fz;izg; ghJfhj;jy;> fz;izg; ghJfhj;jy;> fz;izg; ghJfhj;jy;> fz;Zf;F fz;Zf;F fz;Zf;F fz;Zf;F
xU jpl;lkhd tbtk; toq;fy;xU jpl;lkhd tbtk; toq;fy;xU jpl;lkhd tbtk; toq;fy;xU jpl;lkhd tbtk; toq;fy;
NjhYg; gilNjhYg; gilNjhYg; gilNjhYg; gil FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 39
NjhYg; gilNjhYg; gilNjhYg; gilNjhYg; gil FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls; FUjpf; fyd;fisf; nfhz;Ls;
sjhy; fz;Zf;F Nghrid sjhy; fz;Zf;F Nghrid sjhy; fz;Zf;F Nghrid sjhy; fz;Zf;F Nghrid
toq;fy;toq;fy;toq;fy;toq;fy;
fjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhspfjpuhsp fz;kzpapd; gUkid khw;Wtjd; fz;kzpapd; gUkid khw;Wtjd; fz;kzpapd; gUkid khw;Wtjd; fz;kzpapd; gUkid khw;Wtjd;
%yk; fz;zpDs; GFk; xspapd; %yk; fz;zpDs; GFk; xspapd; %yk; fz;zpDs; GFk; xspapd; %yk; fz;zpDs; GFk; xspapd;
msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.msitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.fz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzp
fz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk ;; ;;
gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;
gprpUly;gprpUly;gprpUly;gprpUly; tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;Wjy;tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;Wjy;tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;Wjy;tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;Wjy;
tpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiutpopj;jpiu tpk;gk; cUthf ,lkspj;jy; tpk;gk; cUthf ,lkspj;jy; tpk;gk; cUthf ,lkspj;jy; tpk;gk; cUthf ,lkspj;jy; /
xspf;F czh;r;rpAil fyq;fisf; xspf;F czh;r;rpAil fyq;fisf; xspf;F czh;r;rpAil fyq;fisf; xspf;F czh;r;rpAil fyq;fisf;
nfhz;bUj;jy; nfhz;bUj;jy; nfhz;bUj;jy; nfhz;bUj;jy; / tpk;gj;ij tpk;gj;ij tpk;gj;ij tpk;gj;ij
fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 40
fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp %isf;F
mDg;Gjy;.mDg;Gjy;.mDg;Gjy;.mDg;Gjy;.
(tpopj;jpiuapy; Nfhy; fyq;fs;> (tpopj;jpiuapy; Nfhy; fyq;fs;> (tpopj;jpiuapy; Nfhy; fyq;fs;> (tpopj;jpiuapy; Nfhy; fyq;fs;>
$k;Gf; fyq;fs; vd ,Utiff; $k;Gf; fyq;fs; vd ,Utiff; $k;Gf; fyq;fs; vd ,Utiff; $k;Gf; fyq;fs; vd ,Utiff;
fyq;fs; cs;sd.)fyq;fs; cs;sd.)fyq;fs; cs;sd.)fyq;fs; cs;sd.)
fz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk ;; ;;
gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;
fz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iyfz;tpy;iy ,J fz;kzpapd; gpd;dhy; ,J fz;kzpapd; gpd;dhy; ,J fz;kzpapd; gpd;dhy; ,J fz;kzpapd; gpd;dhy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; tisT fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; tisT fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; tisT fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; tisT
khw;wg;glf;$baJ. khw;wg;glf;$baJ. khw;wg;glf;$baJ. khw;wg;glf;$baJ. mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis
Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 41
tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;w tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;w tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;w tpy;iyapd; tisit khw;w
gprpUly; cjTk;.gprpUly; cjTk;.gprpUly; cjTk;.gprpUly; cjTk;.
tisTtisTtisTtisT
Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis
Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd;
tisTtisTtisTtisT
mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUis
Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd;
tisTtisTtisTtisT
mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J mz;ikapy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J
tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;
fz;tpy;iyapd; tisT khWjy;fz;tpy;iyapd; tisT khWjy;fz;tpy;iyapd; tisT khWjy;fz;tpy;iyapd; tisT khWjy;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 42
Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUis
Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd; Nehf;Fk; NghJ tpy;iyapd;
tisTtisTtisTtisT
Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J Jhuj;jpy; cs;s nghUspy; ,Ue;J
tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;tUk; xspf;fjph;
fz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSkfz;zpd; gFjpfSk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fSk ;; ;;
gFjpgFjpgFjpgFjp njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;njhopy;fs;
fz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzpfz;kzp ,J xU JisahFk;. ,jd; ,J xU JisahFk;. ,jd; ,J xU JisahFk;. ,jd; ,J xU JisahFk;. ,jd;
%yk; fz;Zf;Fs; xspf;fjph; %yk; fz;Zf;Fs; xspf;fjph; %yk; fz;Zf;Fs; xspf;fjph; %yk; fz;Zf;Fs; xspf;fjph;
GFk;. ,jd; gUkidf; $l;bf; GFk;. ,jd; gUkidf; $l;bf; GFk;. ,jd; gUkidf; $l;bf; GFk;. ,jd; gUkidf; $l;bf;
Fiwg;gjpy; fjpuhsp cjTk;. Fiwg;gjpy; fjpuhsp cjTk;. Fiwg;gjpy; fjpuhsp cjTk;. Fiwg;gjpy; fjpuhsp cjTk;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 43
ghh;it euk;Gghh;it euk;Gghh;it euk;Gghh;it euk;G tpopj;jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;l tpopj;jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;l tpopj;jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;l tpopj;jpiuapy; ngwg;gl;l
tpk;gj;ij %isf;F vLj;Jr; tpk;gj;ij %isf;F vLj;Jr; tpk;gj;ij %isf;F vLj;Jr; tpk;gj;ij %isf;F vLj;Jr;
nry;Yjy;. nry;Yjy;. nry;Yjy;. nry;Yjy;.
tpopj;jpiuapy; tpopj;jpiuapy; tpopj;jpiuapy; tpopj;jpiuapy;
FUl;blk;> kQ;rw; FUl;blk;> kQ;rw; FUl;blk;> kQ;rw; FUl;blk;> kQ;rw;
nghl;L Mfpa ,U nghl;L Mfpa ,U nghl;L Mfpa ,U nghl;L Mfpa ,U
,lq;fs; cs;sd.,lq;fs; cs;sd.,lq;fs; cs;sd.,lq;fs; cs;sd.
kQ;rl; nghl;L kQ;rl; nghl;L kQ;rl; nghl;L kQ;rl; nghl;L
fz;tpy;iyapd; NeNufz;tpy;iyapd; NeNufz;tpy;iyapd; NeNufz;tpy;iyapd; NeNu
gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy;
FUl;blk; ghh;it FUl;blk; ghh;it FUl;blk; ghh;it FUl;blk; ghh;it
euk;Gfs; Muk;gpf;Fk; euk;Gfs; Muk;gpf;Fk; euk;Gfs; Muk;gpf;Fk; euk;Gfs; Muk;gpf;Fk;
,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
,jpy; ngwg;gLk; ,jpy; ngwg;gLk; ,jpy; ngwg;gLk; ,jpy; ngwg;gLk;
tpk;kk; njhptjpy;iy.tpk;kk; njhptjpy;iy.tpk;kk; njhptjpy;iy.tpk;kk; njhptjpy;iy.
Fz;tpy;iyapd; Fz;tpy;iyapd; Fz;tpy;iyapd; Fz;tpy;iyapd;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 44
gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy; gpd;dhy; tpopj;jpiuapy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jpy;
ngwg;gLk; tpk;gNk ngwg;gLk; tpk;gNk ngwg;gLk; tpk;gNk ngwg;gLk; tpk;gNk
njspthdjhff; njspthdjhff; njspthdjhff; njspthdjhff;
fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;. fhzg;gLk;.
tisT rpyUf;F khw tisT rpyUf;F khw tisT rpyUf;F khw tisT rpyUf;F khw
KbahJ Nghdhy; ePs; KbahJ Nghdhy; ePs; KbahJ Nghdhy; ePs; KbahJ Nghdhy; ePs;
ghh;it > FWk;ghh;itf; ghh;it > FWk;ghh;itf; ghh;it > FWk;ghh;itf; ghh;it > FWk;ghh;itf;
FiwghLfs; Vw;gLk;.FiwghLfs; Vw;gLk;.FiwghLfs; Vw;gLk;.FiwghLfs; Vw;gLk;.
kdpjf; fhJkdpjf; fhJkdpjf; fhJkdpjf; fhJ
fhJr; NrhidfhJr; NrhidfhJr; NrhidfhJr; Nrhid
ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;
nrtp euk;Gnrtp euk;Gnrtp euk;Gnrtp euk;G
nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfs;nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfs;nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfs;nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfs;
miutl;lf; fhy;tha;miutl;lf; fhy;tha;miutl;lf; fhy;tha;miutl;lf; fhy;tha;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 45
Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha;Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha;Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha;Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha;
nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T
Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd;
fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;
fhjpd; mikg;G (ghjp jpwe;j epiy)fhjpd; mikg;G (ghjp jpwe;j epiy)fhjpd; mikg;G (ghjp jpwe;j epiy)fhjpd; mikg;G (ghjp jpwe;j epiy)
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 46
fhjpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;fhjpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;fhjpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;fhjpd; mikg;ig tpghpj;jy;
kdpjf; fhJ ntspf; fhJ> eLf;fhJ> cl;fhJ kdpjf; fhJ ntspf; fhJ> eLf;fhJ> cl;fhJ kdpjf; fhJ ntspf; fhJ> eLf;fhJ> cl;fhJ kdpjf; fhJ ntspf; fhJ> eLf;fhJ> cl;fhJ
vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.
ntspf;fhJ:ntspf;fhJ:ntspf;fhJ:ntspf;fhJ:---- clf;fhJ:clf;fhJ:clf;fhJ:clf;fhJ:----
1.1.1.1. fhJr; NrhizfhJr; NrhizfhJr; NrhizfhJr; Nrhiz 1. nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs;1. nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs;1. nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs;1. nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs;
2.2.2.2. Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; (rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 47
2.2.2.2. Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; Gwf;fhJf; fhy;tha; (rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU(rk;kl;bAU> gl;lilAU
3.3.3.3. nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;Tnrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Ve;jpAU.)Ve;jpAU.)Ve;jpAU.)Ve;jpAU.)
eLf;fhJeLf;fhJeLf;fhJeLf;fhJ
ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;
ntspf; fhJ :ntspf; fhJ :ntspf; fhJ :ntspf; fhJ :----Gwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf;
NrhidNrhidNrhidNrhidGwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf; Gwf;fhJf;
fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;
nrtpg;giw nrtpg;giw nrtpg;giw nrtpg;giw
nkd;rt;Tnkd;rt;Tnkd;rt;Tnkd;rt;T
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 48
�,J Gwf; fhJr; Nrhid> Gwf; fhJf; fhy;tha; ,J Gwf; fhJr; Nrhid> Gwf; fhJf; fhy;tha; ,J Gwf; fhJr; Nrhid> Gwf; fhJf; fhy;tha; ,J Gwf; fhJr; Nrhid> Gwf; fhJf; fhy;tha;
nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;lJ.
�fhJr;Nrhiz xypaiyfisf; Ftpj;Jf; fhJr;Nrhiz xypaiyfisf; Ftpj;Jf; fhJr;Nrhiz xypaiyfisf; Ftpj;Jf; fhJr;Nrhiz xypaiyfisf; Ftpj;Jf;
fhjpDs; mDg;Gk;.fhjpDs; mDg;Gk;.fhjpDs; mDg;Gk;.fhjpDs; mDg;Gk;.
� Gwf;fhJf; fhy;thapy; kaph;fs;> Gwf;fhJf; fhy;thapy; kaph;fs;> Gwf;fhJf; fhy;thapy; kaph;fs;> Gwf;fhJf; fhy;thapy; kaph;fs;> nkOFg; nkOFg; nkOFg; nkOFg;
gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd gjhh;j;jq;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gL;k; ,J fhzg;gL;k; ,J fhzg;gL;k; ,J fhzg;gL;k; ,J
fhjpDs; Jhrpfs; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;.fhjpDs; Jhrpfs; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;.fhjpDs; Jhrpfs; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;.fhjpDs; Jhrpfs; nry;tijj; jLf;Fk;.
� nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Gwr;nrtpapd; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Gwr;nrtpapd; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Gwr;nrtpapd; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T Gwr;nrtpapd;
,Wjpg;gFjp ahFk;> ,JNt ,Wjpg;gFjp ahFk;> ,JNt ,Wjpg;gFjp ahFk;> ,JNt ,Wjpg;gFjp ahFk;> ,JNt
xypaiyfSf;Nfw;g Kjypy; mjpUk; xypaiyfSf;Nfw;g Kjypy; mjpUk; xypaiyfSf;Nfw;g Kjypy; mjpUk; xypaiyfSf;Nfw;g Kjypy; mjpUk;
gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 49
gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.gFjpahFk;.
� nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; Rahjpd mjph;tpw;F nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; Rahjpd mjph;tpw;F nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; Rahjpd mjph;tpw;F nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; Rahjpd mjph;tpw;F
eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; jpwf;Fk; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; jpwf;Fk; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; jpwf;Fk; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; jpwf;Fk;
Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; cjTk;. ,jd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; cjTk;. ,jd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; cjTk;. ,jd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; cjTk;. ,jd;
%yk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; cs;> ntsp %yk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; cs;> ntsp %yk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; cs;> ntsp %yk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; cs;> ntsp
mKf;fk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;.mKf;fk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;.mKf;fk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;.mKf;fk; rkg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :----
rk;kl;bAUrk;kl;bAUrk;kl;bAUrk;kl;bAU
Ve;jpAUVe;jpAUVe;jpAUVe;jpAU
gl;lilbAUgl;lilbAUgl;lilbAUgl;lilbAU
Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; Cj;Njf;fpahtpd;
fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;fhy;tha;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 50
�eLf;fhjpy; 3 nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfshd rk;kl;bAU> eLf;fhjpy; 3 nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfshd rk;kl;bAU> eLf;fhjpy; 3 nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfshd rk;kl;bAU> eLf;fhjpy; 3 nrtpr; rpw;nwd;Gfshd rk;kl;bAU>
gl;lilAU> Ve;jpAU vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.gl;lilAU> Ve;jpAU vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.gl;lilAU> Ve;jpAU vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.gl;lilAU> Ve;jpAU vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
�,it nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mjph;TfSf;F ,it nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mjph;TfSf;F ,it nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mjph;TfSf;F ,it nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mjph;TfSf;F
Vw;g mjph;e;J xypaiyfis cl;fhij Nehf;fpf; Vw;g mjph;e;J xypaiyfis cl;fhij Nehf;fpf; Vw;g mjph;e;J xypaiyfis cl;fhij Nehf;fpf; Vw;g mjph;e;J xypaiyfis cl;fhij Nehf;fpf;
flj;Jk;.flj;Jk;.flj;Jk;.flj;Jk;.
eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :eLf;fhJ :----
�clypy; cs;s rpwpa vd;Gfs; eLf;fhjpy; clypy; cs;s rpwpa vd;Gfs; eLf;fhjpy; clypy; cs;s rpwpa vd;Gfs; eLf;fhjpy; clypy; cs;s rpwpa vd;Gfs; eLf;fhjpy;
cs;s vd;GfshFk;.cs;s vd;GfshFk;.cs;s vd;GfshFk;.cs;s vd;GfshFk;.
�Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; vDk; mikg;G Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; vDk; mikg;G Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; vDk; mikg;G Cj;Njf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; vDk; mikg;G
eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy; eLf;fhjpy; Muk;gpj;J njhz;ilapy;
jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 51
jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.jpwf;Fk;.
�Cj;Njhf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; %yk; Cj;Njhf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; %yk; Cj;Njhf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; %yk; Cj;Njhf;fpahtpd; fhy;tha; %yk;
nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mKf;fk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mKf;fk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mKf;fk; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;tpd; mKf;fk;
rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.rkg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cl;fhJ :cl;fhJ :cl;fhJ :cl;fhJ :----
ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUs;ej;ijr; RUspd; cs;sikg;Gej;ijr; RUspd; cs;sikg;Gej;ijr; RUspd; cs;sikg;Gej;ijr; RUspd; cs;sikg;G
Cl; fhJCl; fhJCl; fhJCl; fhJ
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 52
�,jpy; ej;ijr;RUs; vDk; mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.,jpy; ej;ijr;RUs; vDk; mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.,jpy; ej;ijr;RUs; vDk; mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.,jpy; ej;ijr;RUs; vDk; mikg;G fhzg;gLk;.
�,JNt xypaiyfis fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp ,JNt xypaiyfis fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp ,JNt xypaiyfis fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp ,JNt xypaiyfis fzj;jhf;fkhf khw;wp
%isf;F nrtp euk;G %yk; mDg;GfpwJ.%isf;F nrtp euk;G %yk; mDg;GfpwJ.%isf;F nrtp euk;G %yk; mDg;GfpwJ.%isf;F nrtp euk;G %yk; mDg;GfpwJ.
�fhjpy; xypaiyfs; gpd;tUk; ghijA+lhfr; fhjpy; xypaiyfs; gpd;tUk; ghijA+lhfr; fhjpy; xypaiyfs; gpd;tUk; ghijA+lhfr; fhjpy; xypaiyfs; gpd;tUk; ghijA+lhfr;
nry;Yk;:nry;Yk;:nry;Yk;:nry;Yk;:----
Gwf;fhJr; Nrhiz Gwf;fhJf;
fhy;tha; nrtpg;giw nkd;rt;T
nrtpr;rpw;nwd;Gfs; ej;ijr; RUs;
nrtpeuk;G %is
Note :- fhjpy; jiythapy; cgfuzk; vDk;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 53
Note :- fhjpy; jiythapy; cgfuzk; vDk;
mikg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J clw;
rkepiy Ngz cjTfpwJ.
ej;ijrej;ijrej;ijrej;ijr ; RUspd; cs;sikg;G; RUspd; cs;sikg;G; RUspd; cs;sikg;G; RUspd; cs;sikg;G
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 54
ej;ijr; RUspDs; cs;s Nfl;Yf;fhd Kf;fpa ej;ijr; RUspDs; cs;s Nfl;Yf;fhd Kf;fpa ej;ijr; RUspDs; cs;s Nfl;Yf;fhd Kf;fpa ej;ijr; RUspDs; cs;s Nfl;Yf;fhd Kf;fpa mikg;ghfpa Nfhl;bapd; mq;fk; mikg;ghfpa Nfhl;bapd; mq;fk; mikg;ghfpa Nfhl;bapd; mq;fk; mikg;ghfpa Nfhl;bapd; mq;fk;
,JNt ,JNt ,JNt ,JNt
xypaiyfisf; xypaiyfisf; xypaiyfisf; xypaiyfisf;
fzj;jhf;fkhf fzj;jhf;fkhf fzj;jhf;fkhf fzj;jhf;fkhf
khw;Wk;.mf;fzj; khw;Wk;.mf;fzj; khw;Wk;.mf;fzj; khw;Wk;.mf;fzj;
jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 55
jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G jhf;fk;nrtpeuk;G
%yk; %isf;F %yk; %isf;F %yk; %isf;F %yk; %isf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;yg; vLj;Jr; nry;yg; vLj;Jr; nry;yg; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;
gl;L %isapdhy; mj; jfty; tpsq;fg;gLk;. gl;L %isapdhy; mj; jfty; tpsq;fg;gLk;. gl;L %isapdhy; mj; jfty; tpsq;fg;gLk;. gl;L %isapdhy; mj; jfty; tpsq;fg;gLk;.
%isapd; %isak; %yk; xyp czug;gLk;.%isapd; %isak; %yk; xyp czug;gLk;.%isapd; %isak; %yk; xyp czug;gLk;.%isapd; %isak; %yk; xyp czug;gLk;.
kdpjj; Njhy;kdpjj; Njhy;kdpjj; Njhy;kdpjj; Njhy;
1.1.1.1. Njhy; vkJ cliyg; Nghh;j;jpAs;sjd; %yk; Njhy; vkJ cliyg; Nghh;j;jpAs;sjd; %yk; Njhy; vkJ cliyg; Nghh;j;jpAs;sjd; %yk; Njhy; vkJ cliyg; Nghh;j;jpAs;sjd; %yk; ghJfhg;G> ePhpog;G jLg;G> Ez;zq;fp nry;yhJ ghJfhg;G> ePhpog;G jLg;G> Ez;zq;fp nry;yhJ ghJfhg;G> ePhpog;G jLg;G> Ez;zq;fp nry;yhJ ghJfhg;G> ePhpog;G jLg;G> Ez;zq;fp nry;yhJ jLj;jy;> moFtoq;fy;> Nghd;w njhopy;fis jLj;jy;> moFtoq;fy;> Nghd;w njhopy;fis jLj;jy;> moFtoq;fy;> Nghd;w njhopy;fis jLj;jy;> moFtoq;fy;> Nghd;w njhopy;fis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.
2.2.2.2. NkYk; Njhy; R+hpa xspapy; cs;s Gw Cjhf; NkYk; Njhy; R+hpa xspapy; cs;s Gw Cjhf; NkYk; Njhy; R+hpa xspapy; cs;s Gw Cjhf; NkYk; Njhy; R+hpa xspapy; cs;s Gw Cjhf; fjph;fisf; nfhz;L tpw;wkpd; fjph;fisf; nfhz;L tpw;wkpd; fjph;fisf; nfhz;L tpw;wkpd; fjph;fisf; nfhz;L tpw;wkpd; D iaAk; iaAk; iaAk; iaAk; njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 56
njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ. njhFf;fpd;wJ.
3.3.3.3. mj;Jld; vkJ clypy; cs;s nghpa mj;Jld; vkJ clypy; cs;s nghpa mj;Jld; vkJ clypy; cs;s nghpa mj;Jld; vkJ clypy; cs;s nghpa thq;fpahfTk; nraw;gl;L R+L> Fsph;> njhLif> thq;fpahfTk; nraw;gl;L R+L> Fsph;> njhLif> thq;fpahfTk; nraw;gl;L R+L> Fsph;> njhLif> thq;fpahfTk; nraw;gl;L R+L> Fsph;> njhLif> NehT> vd;gtw;iwAk; czh;fpd;wJ.NehT> vd;gtw;iwAk; czh;fpd;wJ.NehT> vd;gtw;iwAk; czh;fpd;wJ.NehT> vd;gtw;iwAk; czh;fpd;wJ.
4.4.4.4. NkYk; ntg;gepiy> ePh;r;nrwpT vd;gd NkYk; ntg;gepiy> ePh;r;nrwpT vd;gd NkYk; ntg;gepiy> ePh;r;nrwpT vd;gd NkYk; ntg;gepiy> ePh;r;nrwpT vd;gd NgZtjpy; cjTfpwJ.NgZtjpy; cjTfpwJ.NgZtjpy; cjTfpwJ.NgZtjpy; cjTfpwJ.
kdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;G
Nkw;Nwhy;Nkw;Nwhy;Nkw;Nwhy;Nkw;Nwhy;
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 57
cccc
l;l;l;l;
NjhNjhNjhNjh
y;y;y;y;
kdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;Gkdpjj; Njhypd; mikg;G
1.1.1.1. kdpjj; Njhy; cliy %bAs;s mq;fkhFk;.kdpjj; Njhy; cliy %bAs;s mq;fkhFk;.kdpjj; Njhy; cliy %bAs;s mq;fkhFk;.kdpjj; Njhy; cliy %bAs;s mq;fkhFk;.
2.2.2.2. ,J Nkw;Nwhy; cl;Njhy; vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.,J Nkw;Nwhy; cl;Njhy; vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.,J Nkw;Nwhy; cl;Njhy; vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.,J Nkw;Nwhy; cl;Njhy; vdg; ghpf;fg;gLk;.
3.3.3.3. Nkw;Nwhypy; Nkyzp ,ioaf; fyq;fs; Nkw;Nwhypy; Nkyzp ,ioaf; fyq;fs; Nkw;Nwhypy; Nkyzp ,ioaf; fyq;fs; Nkw;Nwhypy; Nkyzp ,ioaf; fyq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,it ,we;jit fhuzk; fhzg;gLk;. ,it ,we;jit fhuzk; fhzg;gLk;. ,it ,we;jit fhuzk; fhzg;gLk;. ,it ,we;jit fhuzk; cNuhQ;fg;gLk; NghJ Neh Vw;glhjpUf;f> cNuhQ;fg;gLk; NghJ Neh Vw;glhjpUf;f> cNuhQ;fg;gLk; NghJ Neh Vw;glhjpUf;f> cNuhQ;fg;gLk; NghJ Neh Vw;glhjpUf;f> Ez;zq;fpfs; njhw;wp clypDs; nry;yhJ Ez;zq;fpfs; njhw;wp clypDs; nry;yhJ Ez;zq;fpfs; njhw;wp clypDs; nry;yhJ Ez;zq;fpfs; njhw;wp clypDs; nry;yhJ jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.
A.R.Emil. Science & Technology 58
jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.jLf;f> ePhpog;G Vw;glhJ jLf;f.
4.4.4.4. clNjhypy; capUs;sJ. ,jpy; euk;G clNjhypy; capUs;sJ. ,jpy; euk;G clNjhypy; capUs;sJ. ,jpy; euk;G clNjhypy; capUs;sJ. ,jpy; euk;G Kbtplq;fs;> FUjpf;Foha;fs;> kaphpd; Nth;> Kbtplq;fs;> FUjpf;Foha;fs;> kaphpd; Nth;> Kbtplq;fs;> FUjpf;Foha;fs;> kaphpd; Nth;> Kbtplq;fs;> FUjpf;Foha;fs;> kaphpd; Nth;> nea;r;Rug;gp> tpah;itr;Rug;gp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.nea;r;Rug;gp> tpah;itr;Rug;gp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.nea;r;Rug;gp> tpah;itr;Rug;gp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.nea;r;Rug;gp> tpah;itr;Rug;gp vd;gd fhzg;gLk;.