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SECTION 12-3
RNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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RNA STRUCTURE
SINGLE STRAND MADE OF A LONG CHAIN OF
NUCLEOTIDES RNA NUCLEOTIDE IS MADE OF A
NITROGEN BASE, A PHOSPHATE GROUP AND THE 5 CARBON SUGAR, RIBOSE
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3 WAYS THAT RNA DIFFERS FROM DNA
5-CARBON SUGAR IS RIBOSE SINGLE-STRAND CONTAINS THE NITROGEN BASE URACIL
INSTEAD OF THYMINE (A PAIRS WITH U) 4 NITROGEN BASES ARE ADENINE,
URACIL, CYTOSINE & GUANINE
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TYPES OF RNA
MESSENGER RNA mRNA TRANSFER RNA (tRNA) RIBOSOMAL RNA (rRNA) MESSENGER RNA – READS, COPIES AND
CARRIES THE INFORMATION IN DNA TRANSFER RNA – TRANSFERS EACH AMINO
ACID TO THE RIBOSOME AS SPECIFIED BY MESSENGER RNA
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RNA
RIBOSOMAL RNA – PART OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE RIBOSOME
RIBOSOMES ARE THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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TRANSCRIPTION
OCCURS IN THE NUCLEUS M RNA READS & COPIES INFO IN DNA; RNA POLYMERASE IS THE ENZYME
USED IN TRANSCRIPTION OCCURS VERY QUICKLY – PROCEEDS
AT A RATE OF 60 NUCLEOTIDES PER SECOND.
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TRANSCRIPTION
RNA POLYMERASE BINDS TO DNA AT A PROMOTER-A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF DNA THAT ACTS AS A START SIGNAL FOR TRANSCRIPTION
RNA POLYMERASE SEPARATES THE DNA STRANDS
USING ONE STRAND OF DNA AS A TEMPLATE TO ASSEMBLE RNA NUCLEOTIDES INTO A STRAND OF MESSENGER RNA
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TRANSCRIPTION
ENDS WHEN A TERMINATOR IS REACHED
THE NEW STRAND OF MESSENGER RNA LEAVES THE NUCLEUS AND MOVES TO THE CYTOPLASM
THE DNA MOLECULE REASSEMBLES ITSELF INTO THE DOUBLE HELIX
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TRANSLATION STEP 2 OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DURING TRANSLATION, THE INFORMATION IN MESSENGER RNA IS TRANSLATED INTO A PROTEIN BY USE OF THE GENETIC CODE.
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THE GENETIC CODE
THE LANGUAGE OF MESSENGER RNA INSTRUCTIONS
CONTAINS THE AMINO ACIDS AND START AND STOP SIGNALS, OR CODONS, THAT ARE CODED FOR BY MESSENGER RNA.
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MESSENGER RNA & THE GENETIC CODE
MESSENGER RNA CONTAINS CODONS WHICH ARE THE THREE-BASE SEQUENCES ONLY IN MESSENGER RNA.
THERE ARE 64 POSSIBLE THREE BASE CODONS.
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VOCABULARY – GENETIC CODE
THE GENETIC CODE CONTAINS START AND STOP CODONS.
START CODON – AUG; TELLS TRANSLATION TO START
STOP CODON – UAA, UAG, UGA; TELLS TRANSLATION TO STOP
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TRANSLATION
TAKES PLACE IN THE CYTOPLASM ON THE RIBOSOME
IS THE DECODING OF A MESSENGER RNA INTO A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
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TRANSLATION
BEGINS WHEN A MESSENGER RNA MOLECULE ATTACHES TO THE RIBOSOME
AS EACH CODON OF M-RNA MOVES THROUGH THE RIBOSOME,THE CORRECT AMINO ACID IS ATTACHED TO THE GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN BY T-RNA
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TRANSLATION
TRANSFER RNA CARRIES THE ANTICODON-THE 3-BASE SEQUENCE THAT IS COMPLEMENTARY TO THE M-RNA CODON
EXAMPLE: M-RNA – CUG; T-RNA IS GAC. THE ANTI-CODON SPECIFIES A SPECIFIC
AMINO ACID
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TRANSLATION
CONTINUES UNTIL A STOP CODON IS REACHED ON THE M-RNA MOLECULE
NEWLY FORMED POLYPEPTIDE IS RELEASED INTO THE CYTOPLASM
POLYPEPTIDE = PROTEIN – A CHAIN OF AMINO ACIDS LINKED BY PEPTIDE BONDS.
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TRANSLATION
THE RIBOSOMES AND TRANSFER RNA CAN BE USED IN THE MAKING OF ANOTHER PROTEIN;
THEY ARE RECYCLED.
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NECESSARY VOCABULARY
PROTEINS – CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS AMINO ACIDS – 20 DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL
UNITS THAT FORM PROTEINS POLYPEPTIDE – LONG CHAINS OF PROTEINS CODONS – 3 BASE SEQUENCE IN MESSENGER
RNA THAT DETERMINES WHICH AMINO ACID IS ADDED TO THE POLYPEPTIDE
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VOCABULARY
ANTI-CODON – 3 BASE SEQUENCE ON A TRANSFER RNA MOLECULE WHICH ARE COMPLEMENTARY TO ONE OF THE MESSENGER RNA CODONS.
START CODON – AUG; TELLS TRANSLATION TO START
STOP CODON – UAA, UAG, UGA; TELLS TRANSLATION TO STOP
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GENES
CODED DNA INSTRUCTIONS THAT CONTROL THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEINS WITHIN THE CELL
MOST GENES CONTAIN LITTLE MORE THAN INSTRUCTIONS FOR ASSEMBLING PROTEINS