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PRESENTED BY:
AYUSH KUMAR
0901259013
E.T.C.
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VISUAL PERCEPTION
1.The ability to interpret information &
surroundings from the effects of visible light
reaching the eyes.
2.The resulting perception is also known
as eyesight, sight, orvision.
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BLINDNESS
Means inability to see OR imperfect sight of normaleye.
CAUSES:
Damage to :1 Clear structures in the eye ,that allows the light
to pass through.
2 The nerves with in the eye3 Optic nerve
4 brain
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Light enters the eye Bending of light through cornea and passes to pupil.
Pupil adjusts the amount of light entering the eye. Light
rays bends due to lens and focused on retina.
The retina is covered in an array of tiny rods andcones, light-sensing cells through which light is
converted into pulses of electricity for the brain to read
and transform into an image.
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EYE DISORDERS
Refractive Errors: Refractive errors occur when thecurve of the cornea is irregularly shaped.
1 MYOPIA: Nearsightedness is when light entering the
eye is focused incorrectly, making distant objects appearblurred.
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2 HYPEROPIA:
Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is the opposite of myopia.
Distant objects are clear, and close-up objects appear
blurry. With hyperopia, images focus on a point beyond the
retina.
fig :hyperopia disorder
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RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA:
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of
genetic eye conditions that leads to incurable blindness. Inthe progression of symptoms for RP,night
blindness generally precedes tunnel vision.
Fig : retinitis pigmentosa disorder
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MACULAR DEGENERATION:
The macula is the central portion of the retina and isresponsible for detailed vision and color vision, the vision we
use to read, thread a needle, sign a check, or recognize
faces.
The macula is a highly specialized part of the nervous
system and the eye in which the photoreceptors that react to
light stimulus and the neurons that interpret and transmit
these signals are precisely organized and densely
compacted.
It is the macula that allows humans to see , or an eagle tospot a small rodent on the ground hundreds of feet below.
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THE SOLUTION - BIONIC EYE?
Bio electronic eye
Electronic device which replaces functionality of a part of
eye.
The bionic eye will be effective for individuals who are not
blind by birth.
This technique will prove beneficial for many people
deprived of their vision in the near future
Will assist people suffering from macular degeneration &retinitis i mentos.
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The bionic eye consists
of three elements:
1. A miniature camera
2. A pair of dark glasses whichtransmits images to a radioreceived implanted next to thepatients eye.
3. A tiny chip of silicon andplatinum (4mm sq) that sits onthe retina.
ELEMENTS OF BIONIC EYE
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The chips electrodes stimulate the ganglion cells that transmit visual
information to the optic nerve and onwards to the brain, which can
then construct a visual image.
1: Camera on glasses views image
2: Signals are sent to hand-held device3: Processed information is sent back to glasses and wirelessly
transmitted to receiver under surface of eye
4: Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant
5: Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain
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BIONIC EYE SYSTEM
Mock up design of camera mounted
on a pair of sunglasses to be
worn by the patient
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1. Argus Retinal Prosthesis by Mark Humayun and
Eugene DeJuan :
Their first generation implant had 16 electrodes and
was implanted in 6 subjects between 2010 and 2011, 5
of whom are successfully using it .
More recently, the company announced to begin a trial
of its first generation, 100 electrode implant.
2. Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR):
The brothers Alan Chow and Vincent Chow havedeveloped a microchip containing 3500 photo diodes,
which detect light and convert it into electrical
impulses, which stimulate healthy retinal ganglion
cells. The ASR requires no externally-worn devices.
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RESULT OF BIONIC EYE TREATMENT:
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http://www.gizmag.com/australian-bionic-eye-prototype-blind-vision/14680/picture/112936/ -
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Developing a bionic eye for human use is a major
project, but we believe that by 2012 we will be
ready to undertake the first clinical trials of the first
advanced prototype. We plan to have a prototypeready for commercial development by 2014.
If the research progresses well, a device could be
on the market early in 2014 at a likely cost of about
15,000.
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DISADVANTAGES
Not useful for patients who are blind by birth.
Not useful for glaucoma patients.
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