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    PRESENTED BY:

    AYUSH KUMAR

    0901259013

    E.T.C.

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    VISUAL PERCEPTION

    1.The ability to interpret information &

    surroundings from the effects of visible light

    reaching the eyes.

    2.The resulting perception is also known

    as eyesight, sight, orvision.

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    BLINDNESS

    Means inability to see OR imperfect sight of normaleye.

    CAUSES:

    Damage to :1 Clear structures in the eye ,that allows the light

    to pass through.

    2 The nerves with in the eye3 Optic nerve

    4 brain

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    Light enters the eye Bending of light through cornea and passes to pupil.

    Pupil adjusts the amount of light entering the eye. Light

    rays bends due to lens and focused on retina.

    The retina is covered in an array of tiny rods andcones, light-sensing cells through which light is

    converted into pulses of electricity for the brain to read

    and transform into an image.

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    EYE DISORDERS

    Refractive Errors: Refractive errors occur when thecurve of the cornea is irregularly shaped.

    1 MYOPIA: Nearsightedness is when light entering the

    eye is focused incorrectly, making distant objects appearblurred.

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    2 HYPEROPIA:

    Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is the opposite of myopia.

    Distant objects are clear, and close-up objects appear

    blurry. With hyperopia, images focus on a point beyond the

    retina.

    fig :hyperopia disorder

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    RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA:

    Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of

    genetic eye conditions that leads to incurable blindness. Inthe progression of symptoms for RP,night

    blindness generally precedes tunnel vision.

    Fig : retinitis pigmentosa disorder

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    MACULAR DEGENERATION:

    The macula is the central portion of the retina and isresponsible for detailed vision and color vision, the vision we

    use to read, thread a needle, sign a check, or recognize

    faces.

    The macula is a highly specialized part of the nervous

    system and the eye in which the photoreceptors that react to

    light stimulus and the neurons that interpret and transmit

    these signals are precisely organized and densely

    compacted.

    It is the macula that allows humans to see , or an eagle tospot a small rodent on the ground hundreds of feet below.

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    THE SOLUTION - BIONIC EYE?

    Bio electronic eye

    Electronic device which replaces functionality of a part of

    eye.

    The bionic eye will be effective for individuals who are not

    blind by birth.

    This technique will prove beneficial for many people

    deprived of their vision in the near future

    Will assist people suffering from macular degeneration &retinitis i mentos.

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    The bionic eye consists

    of three elements:

    1. A miniature camera

    2. A pair of dark glasses whichtransmits images to a radioreceived implanted next to thepatients eye.

    3. A tiny chip of silicon andplatinum (4mm sq) that sits onthe retina.

    ELEMENTS OF BIONIC EYE

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    The chips electrodes stimulate the ganglion cells that transmit visual

    information to the optic nerve and onwards to the brain, which can

    then construct a visual image.

    1: Camera on glasses views image

    2: Signals are sent to hand-held device3: Processed information is sent back to glasses and wirelessly

    transmitted to receiver under surface of eye

    4: Receiver sends information to electrodes in retinal implant

    5: Electrodes stimulate retina to send information to brain

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    BIONIC EYE SYSTEM

    Mock up design of camera mounted

    on a pair of sunglasses to be

    worn by the patient

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    1. Argus Retinal Prosthesis by Mark Humayun and

    Eugene DeJuan :

    Their first generation implant had 16 electrodes and

    was implanted in 6 subjects between 2010 and 2011, 5

    of whom are successfully using it .

    More recently, the company announced to begin a trial

    of its first generation, 100 electrode implant.

    2. Artificial Silicon Retina (ASR):

    The brothers Alan Chow and Vincent Chow havedeveloped a microchip containing 3500 photo diodes,

    which detect light and convert it into electrical

    impulses, which stimulate healthy retinal ganglion

    cells. The ASR requires no externally-worn devices.

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    RESULT OF BIONIC EYE TREATMENT:

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    http://www.gizmag.com/australian-bionic-eye-prototype-blind-vision/14680/picture/112936/
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    Developing a bionic eye for human use is a major

    project, but we believe that by 2012 we will be

    ready to undertake the first clinical trials of the first

    advanced prototype. We plan to have a prototypeready for commercial development by 2014.

    If the research progresses well, a device could be

    on the market early in 2014 at a likely cost of about

    15,000.

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    DISADVANTAGES

    Not useful for patients who are blind by birth.

    Not useful for glaucoma patients.

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