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Significant Low-Cost Opportunities
for CCUS Deployment
Ron Munson
USEA Technology Series
May 16, 2019
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Cogentiv SolutionsCarbon Energy and Environmental Management
• Carbon Management
• Carbon Capture
• Carbon Utilization/Re-use
• Research Programs
• Project Development
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Projected Carbon Management Contributions IEA 2oC Scenario
Non-OECD
OECD
~ 95 Gt CO2
Power
Industry
~ 95
Gt CO2
Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives (2016)
CCS contributes 12% of cumulative reductions required through 2050 in a 2DS world compared to ‘business
as usual’
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Definition of Carbon Capture
Separation of the CO2 from a gas stream produced in a
power station or an industrial process to obtain pure
CO2 for geological storage or further use
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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CO2 Concentrations: Select Sources
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Large-Scale Projects
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2017
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Large-Scale Projects
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Cost Analysis Industrial CO2 Capture
• Evaluate costs for capturing CO2 from industrial processes
• Concentrations higher than coal-fired power plants
• Metric of interest -breakeven cost ($/tonne) -selling price required for recovery of all costs for separation, purification, and compression
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Sources Analyzed
High CO2 Concentration
Gas Streams
• Natural Gas Processing
• Ammonia
• Ethylene Oxide
• Ethanol
Low CO2 Concentration
Gas Streams
• Hydrogen (Refinery)
• Iron/Steel
• Cement
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Cost Analysis for Industrial Carbon Capture
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Closer Look – Natural Gas Processing
Project Location Start Date Scale Characteristics/Approach
Val Verde USA 1972 1.3 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 25 - 50%
Shute Creek USA 1986 7 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = ~65%; test site for CFZ™
cryogenic capture technology test (see Case Study)
Sleipner Norway 1996 0.85 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 4 – 9%; storage
incentivized by Norwegian carbon tax ~USD50/tonne
Snøhvit Norway 2008 0.7 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 5 – 8%; storage
incentivized by Norwegian carbon tax ~USD50/tonne
Century Plant USA 2010 8.4 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 60+%
Lost Cabin USA 2013 0.9 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = ~20%
Petrobras Lula Brazil 2013 0.7 Mtpa Membrane-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 8 – 15%;
Uthmaniyah Saudi Arabia 2015 0.8 Mtpa Solvent-based capture
Gorgon Australia 2019 3.4 - 4 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 7 – 14%
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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Closer Look - Fertilizer
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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Closer Look - Ethanol
Project Location Start
Date
Scale Characteristics/Approach
Arkalon USA 2009 0.31 Mtpa EOR Texas
Bonanza USA 2011 0.16 Mtpa EOR Kansas
Rotterdam Netherlands 2012 0.3 Mtpa CO2 supplied to greenhouses
Illinois industrial
Project
USA 2017 1 Mtpa Saline storage
Lantmännen
Agroetanol
Sweden Planned 0.17 Mtpa Geological storage
CPER Artenay France Planned 0,2 Mtpa Geological storage
Sao Paulo Brazil Planned 0.02 Mtpa Geological storage
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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Closer Look - Hydrogen
c
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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Closer Look - Cement
Project Location Start
Date
Scale Characteristics/Approach
ECRA studies EU 2007 Desktop
study
Screening CO2 capture technologies
for cement plants
ITRI pilot Taiwan 2013 1 t/h CaL pilot
Norcem’s tests Norway 2014
(ongoing)
multiple Pilot tests (amine, membranes, solid
sorbents)
Calix pilot Belgium 2017 ~80 tpd Direct separation pilot
Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016
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Summary of 2014 Analysis
NETL report demonstrates significant opportunities in:
• Natural gas processing, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and ethanol
• 80 - 90 million tonnes/year with breakeven costs of $30/tonne or less
Opportunities in hydrogen production may be more significant than
reported depending on gas stream treated
• Hydrogen production is a potential source of additional 50+ million
tonnes/year
Low costs mean these sources are likely to be used before low-
concentration sources
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Cost Reductions Through Learning-By-Doing and R&D
Source: NETL Annual Carbon Capture Meeting 2014
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Capture Costs in Different Sectors
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Cost Reductions Associated With Learning-by-Doing
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Currently Available Approach: Aqueous Amine Solvent
Key Energy Requirements = Q (sensible) + Q (reaction) + Q (stripping) + W (compression) + W (auxiliaries)
• Sensible heat [Q (sensible)] is the energy required to increase the temperature of the CO2-rich aqueous amine solution entering the solvent regeneration column.
• The Q (reaction) term represents the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between the solvent and the captured CO2.
• Q (stripping) is the energy required to vaporize water exiting the regeneration column.
• The electrical power (W) terms in the equation represent the energy needed to run CO2 compression and other process auxiliaries (e.g., gas fans).
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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DOE’s R&D Approach to Improve Cost and Performance
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Solvent-Based Capture
General Characteristics Advantages Challenges
• Absorption – chemical
bond between CO2
and active liquid
solvent─ Exothermic
─ Kinetic control
• Desorption/stripping─ Temperature swing
• Commercial
applications for 70+
years
• Allows good heat
integration and
management
• Selective capture from
low-concentration gas
streams
• Dilute active solvent
concentrations due to
viscosity and corrosion
• High regeneration
energy (sensible
heating, stripping)
• Solvents with lower
energy requirements
tend to have slower
kinetics, leading to
larger reactors and
higher capital costs
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Advanced Solvent-Based Capture
R&D Focus Areas Promising Approaches
• Low-cost, non-
corrosive solvents
• High CO2 loading
capacity
• Improved reaction
kinetics
• Low regeneration
energy
• Resistance to
degradation
• Low-water or water-
lean solvents
• Catalysed absorption
that accelerates CO2
uptake in solvents with
lower regeneration
energies
• Solvents that change
phase in the presence
of CO2
• Hybrid systems
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Example Advanced Solvent: Phase-Change Approach
Source: Lu, Y. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Y-Lu-ISGS-Biphasic-CO2-Absorption-Process.pdf
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Sorbent-Based Capture
General Characteristics Advantages Challenges
• Adsorption – chemical
bond or physical
interaction between
CO2 and solid sorbent
surface
• Range of potential
reactor configurations
• Regeneration via
pressure swing or
temperature swing,
depending on sorbent
characteristics
• Absence of water
energy requirements
• Higher capacity on a
per mass or per
volume basis than in
solvent-based systems
• Chemical sorbents
provide high capacity
and fast kinetics
allowing capture from
low-concentration gas
streams
• Durability (sorbent
attrition, chemical
stability)
• Maintaining high mass
transfer
• System design (heat
management,
pressure drop, solids
transport)
• Scale-up
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Advanced Sorbent-Based Capture
R&D Focus Areas Promising Approaches
• Development of
sorbents with low-cost
raw materials, thermal
and chemical stability,
low attrition rates, high
CO2 adsorption
capacity, and high CO2
selectivity
• Cost-effective process
equipment designs
tailored to the sorbent
characteristics
• Structured solid
adsorbents (eg MOFs)
• Enhanced pressure
swing adsorption
(PSA) and
temperature swing
adsorption (TSA)
processes
• Hybrid systems
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Example Advanced Sorbent: Phase-Change Approach
Source: Long, J. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/J-Long-LBNL-Amine-Appended-MOFs.pdf
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Membrane-Based Capture
General Characteristics Advantages Challenges
• Gas separation via
some physical or
chemical interaction
between the
membrane and the
gas being treated
• One component in the
gas permeates
through the membrane
faster than others
• Simple operation; no
chemical reactions, no
moving parts
• Tolerance to acid
gases and oxygen
• Compact, modular→
small footprint
• No steam
requirements
• Often requires feed
compression or
permeate vacuum
pressures
• Balancing flux and
selectivity
• Multiple stages and
recycle streams may
be required
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Advanced Membrane-Based Capture
R&D Focus Areas Promising Approaches
• Enhanced membrane
durability
• Improved permeability
and selectivity
• Thermal and physical
stability
• Tolerance to
contaminants
• Imbedded amine-
based membranes
• Novel process
conditions, such as
cryogenic operations
• Hybrid systems
Source: CATF 2019, in press
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Example Advanced Membrane: Phase-Change Approach
Source: Wijmans, H. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/H-Wijmans-MTR-Self-Assembly-Isoporous-Supports.pdf
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Example Cryogenic Approach
Source: Jensen, MJ, CS Russell, D Bergeson, CD Hoeger, DJ Frankman, CS Bence, LL Baxter. 2015. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Volume 42
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Example Oxy-Combustion Approach
Source: MarketWatch. 2018. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/net-power-demonstration-plant-wins-2018-adipec-breakthrough-technological-project-of-the-year-2018-11-14
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Summary
• Significant opportunities in high-concentration
sectors:
─ Natural Gas Processing
─ Ammonia
─ Ethanol
─ Hydrogen
• Higher costs in low-concentration sectors are still a
barrier to deployment – R&D is advancing to lower
those costs
• Incentives/policy actions are needed in all sectors to
encourage deployment