significant low- cost opportunities for ccus deployment

Significant Low-Cost Opportunities

for CCUS Deployment

Ron Munson

USEA Technology Series

May 16, 2019

2

Cogentiv SolutionsCarbon Energy and Environmental Management

• Carbon Management

• Carbon Capture

• Carbon Utilization/Re-use

• Research Programs

• Project Development

3

Projected Carbon Management Contributions IEA 2oC Scenario

Non-OECD

OECD

~ 95 Gt CO2

Power

Industry

~ 95

Gt CO2

Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives (2016)

CCS contributes 12% of cumulative reductions required through 2050 in a 2DS world compared to ‘business

as usual’

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Definition of Carbon Capture

Separation of the CO2 from a gas stream produced in a

power station or an industrial process to obtain pure

CO2 for geological storage or further use

Source: GCCSI, Global Status of CCS 2016

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CO2 Concentrations: Select Sources

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Large-Scale Projects


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Large-Scale Projects

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Cost Analysis Industrial CO2 Capture

• Evaluate costs for capturing CO2 from industrial processes

• Concentrations higher than coal-fired power plants

• Metric of interest -breakeven cost ($/tonne) -selling price required for recovery of all costs for separation, purification, and compression

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Sources Analyzed

High CO2 Concentration

Gas Streams

• Natural Gas Processing

• Ammonia

• Ethylene Oxide

• Ethanol

Low CO2 Concentration

Gas Streams

• Hydrogen (Refinery)

• Iron/Steel

• Cement

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Cost Analysis for Industrial Carbon Capture

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Closer Look – Natural Gas Processing

Project Location Start Date Scale Characteristics/Approach

Val Verde USA 1972 1.3 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 25 - 50%

Shute Creek USA 1986 7 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = ~65%; test site for CFZ™

cryogenic capture technology test (see Case Study)

Sleipner Norway 1996 0.85 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 4 – 9%; storage

incentivized by Norwegian carbon tax ~USD50/tonne

Snøhvit Norway 2008 0.7 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 5 – 8%; storage

incentivized by Norwegian carbon tax ~USD50/tonne

Century Plant USA 2010 8.4 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 60+%

Lost Cabin USA 2013 0.9 Mtpa Physical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = ~20%

Petrobras Lula Brazil 2013 0.7 Mtpa Membrane-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 8 – 15%;

Uthmaniyah Saudi Arabia 2015 0.8 Mtpa Solvent-based capture

Gorgon Australia 2019 3.4 - 4 Mtpa Chemical solvent-based capture; CO2 content of NG = 7 – 14%


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Closer Look - Fertilizer


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Closer Look - Ethanol

Project Location Start

Date

Scale Characteristics/Approach

Arkalon USA 2009 0.31 Mtpa EOR Texas

Bonanza USA 2011 0.16 Mtpa EOR Kansas

Rotterdam Netherlands 2012 0.3 Mtpa CO2 supplied to greenhouses

Illinois industrial

Project

USA 2017 1 Mtpa Saline storage

Lantmännen

Agroetanol

Sweden Planned 0.17 Mtpa Geological storage

CPER Artenay France Planned 0,2 Mtpa Geological storage

Sao Paulo Brazil Planned 0.02 Mtpa Geological storage


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Closer Look - Hydrogen

c


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Closer Look - Cement

Project Location Start

Date

Scale Characteristics/Approach

ECRA studies EU 2007 Desktop

study

Screening CO2 capture technologies

for cement plants

ITRI pilot Taiwan 2013 1 t/h CaL pilot

Norcem’s tests Norway 2014

(ongoing)

multiple Pilot tests (amine, membranes, solid

sorbents)

Calix pilot Belgium 2017 ~80 tpd Direct separation pilot


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Summary of 2014 Analysis

NETL report demonstrates significant opportunities in:

• Natural gas processing, ammonia, ethylene oxide, and ethanol

• 80 - 90 million tonnes/year with breakeven costs of $30/tonne or less

Opportunities in hydrogen production may be more significant than

reported depending on gas stream treated

• Hydrogen production is a potential source of additional 50+ million

tonnes/year

Low costs mean these sources are likely to be used before low-

concentration sources

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Cost Reductions Through Learning-By-Doing and R&D

Source: NETL Annual Carbon Capture Meeting 2014

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Capture Costs in Different Sectors

Source: CATF 2019, in press

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Cost Reductions Associated With Learning-by-Doing


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Currently Available Approach: Aqueous Amine Solvent

Key Energy Requirements = Q (sensible) + Q (reaction) + Q (stripping) + W (compression) + W (auxiliaries)

• Sensible heat [Q (sensible)] is the energy required to increase the temperature of the CO2-rich aqueous amine solution entering the solvent regeneration column.

• The Q (reaction) term represents the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between the solvent and the captured CO2.

• Q (stripping) is the energy required to vaporize water exiting the regeneration column.

• The electrical power (W) terms in the equation represent the energy needed to run CO2 compression and other process auxiliaries (e.g., gas fans).


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DOE’s R&D Approach to Improve Cost and Performance


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Solvent-Based Capture

General Characteristics Advantages Challenges

• Absorption – chemical

bond between CO2

and active liquid

solvent─ Exothermic

─ Kinetic control

• Desorption/stripping─ Temperature swing

• Commercial

applications for 70+

years

• Allows good heat

integration and

management

• Selective capture from

low-concentration gas

streams

• Dilute active solvent

concentrations due to

viscosity and corrosion

• High regeneration

energy (sensible

heating, stripping)

• Solvents with lower

energy requirements

tend to have slower

kinetics, leading to

larger reactors and

higher capital costs


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Advanced Solvent-Based Capture

R&D Focus Areas Promising Approaches

• Low-cost, non-

corrosive solvents

• High CO2 loading

capacity

• Improved reaction

kinetics

• Low regeneration

energy

• Resistance to

degradation

• Low-water or water-

lean solvents

• Catalysed absorption

that accelerates CO2

uptake in solvents with

lower regeneration

energies

• Solvents that change

phase in the presence

of CO2

• Hybrid systems


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Example Advanced Solvent: Phase-Change Approach

Source: Lu, Y. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Y-Lu-ISGS-Biphasic-CO2-Absorption-Process.pdf

https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/Y-Lu-ISGS-Biphasic-CO2-Absorption-Process.pdf

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Sorbent-Based Capture


• Adsorption – chemical

bond or physical

interaction between

CO2 and solid sorbent

surface

• Range of potential

reactor configurations

• Regeneration via

pressure swing or

temperature swing,

depending on sorbent

characteristics

• Absence of water

energy requirements

• Higher capacity on a

per mass or per

volume basis than in

solvent-based systems

• Chemical sorbents

provide high capacity

and fast kinetics

allowing capture from

low-concentration gas

streams

• Durability (sorbent

attrition, chemical

stability)

• Maintaining high mass

transfer

• System design (heat

management,

pressure drop, solids

transport)

• Scale-up


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Advanced Sorbent-Based Capture


• Development of

sorbents with low-cost

raw materials, thermal

and chemical stability,

low attrition rates, high

CO2 adsorption

capacity, and high CO2

selectivity

• Cost-effective process

equipment designs

tailored to the sorbent

characteristics

• Structured solid

adsorbents (eg MOFs)

• Enhanced pressure

swing adsorption

(PSA) and

temperature swing

adsorption (TSA)

processes

• Hybrid systems


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Example Advanced Sorbent: Phase-Change Approach

Source: Long, J. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/J-Long-LBNL-Amine-Appended-MOFs.pdf

https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/J-Long-LBNL-Amine-Appended-MOFs.pdf

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Membrane-Based Capture


• Gas separation via

some physical or

chemical interaction

between the

membrane and the

gas being treated

• One component in the

gas permeates

through the membrane

faster than others

• Simple operation; no

chemical reactions, no

moving parts

• Tolerance to acid

gases and oxygen

• Compact, modular→

small footprint

• No steam

requirements

• Often requires feed

compression or

permeate vacuum

pressures

• Balancing flux and

selectivity

• Multiple stages and

recycle streams may

be required


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Advanced Membrane-Based Capture


• Enhanced membrane

durability

• Improved permeability

and selectivity

• Thermal and physical

stability

• Tolerance to

contaminants

• Imbedded amine-

based membranes

• Novel process

conditions, such as

cryogenic operations

• Hybrid systems


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Example Advanced Membrane: Phase-Change Approach

Source: Wijmans, H. 2018. https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/H-Wijmans-MTR-Self-Assembly-Isoporous-Supports.pdf

https://netl.doe.gov/sites/default/files/netl-file/H-Wijmans-MTR-Self-Assembly-Isoporous-Supports.pdf

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Example Cryogenic Approach

Source: Jensen, MJ, CS Russell, D Bergeson, CD Hoeger, DJ Frankman, CS Bence, LL Baxter. 2015. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Volume 42

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Example Oxy-Combustion Approach

Source: MarketWatch. 2018. https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/net-power-demonstration-plant-wins-2018-adipec-breakthrough-technological-project-of-the-year-2018-11-14

https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/net-power-demonstration-plant-wins-2018-adipec-breakthrough-technological-project-of-the-year-2018-11-14

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Summary

• Significant opportunities in high-concentration

sectors:

─ Natural Gas Processing

─ Ammonia

─ Ethanol

─ Hydrogen

• Higher costs in low-concentration sectors are still a

barrier to deployment – R&D is advancing to lower

those costs

• Incentives/policy actions are needed in all sectors to

encourage deployment

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QUESTIONS?

Ron Munson

[email protected]

www.cogentivsolutions.com

mailto:[email protected]

significant low- cost opportunities for ccus deployment

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