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Crop Seminar Agenda 09-Jan-2012
Presented by :Mr. Purvish DiwanjiManaging DirectorSatyajit Chemicals Pvt Ltd
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Soil Application or Foliar ? What’s best for the Indian Farmer ?
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Solid Fertilizer
(Soil Application)
Broadcasting• Top Dressing
• Basal application
Placement• Plough sole
• Deep placement• Localized
Band Placement
• Hill• Row
Pelllet Application
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What factors affect The Soil ?
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SoilNutrient Interactions
Type
pH
Temperature
Texture
Aggregate size
Water Holding Capacity
Organic Matter
Content
Cation Exchange Capacity
Latitude/Slope
Aeration
Nutrient Mobility
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Soil pH
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Soil Texture
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Nutrient Interactions in Soil
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• Nitrogen Phosphorus• Potassium Magnesiumvery mobile
• Copper Iron• Manganese Molybdenum• Sulfur Zinc
moderately mobile
• Calcium• Boronimmobile
Nutrient Mobility in Soil
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Nutrient Mobility in Plants
Nutrient Mobility in Soils
• Nitrate Nitrogen• Sulfate Sulfur Boronvery mobile
• Ammonium Nitrogen• Calcium Molybdenum• Magnesium Potassium
moderately mobile
• Organic Nitrogen• Phosphorus Manganese• Copper Iron Zinc
immobile
• Nitrogen Phosphorus• Potassium Magnesiumvery mobile
• Copper Iron• Manganese Molybdenum• Sulfur Zinc
moderately mobile
• Calcium• Boronimmobile
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What is Foliar Application of Fertilizers ?
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Liquid Fertilizer
Starter Solutions Foliar
Application
FertigationInjection
to soilAerial
Application
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Why Foliar Application ?
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• To correct any nutrient deficiency in a standing crop
• To maintain optimum level of a particular nutrient
• To give a crop the nutritional boost at a critical juncture in life
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What are the factors affecting Foliar Application ?
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Foliar Application
Right Source
Right Rate
Right Timing
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How does Foliar Application work ?
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Leaf Transversal Section
The cuticle is a waxy layer covering all the aerial parts of the plant. While the cuticle consists of basically fatty acids
and is mostly impermeable, there however exist intermolecular spaces or holes in it.
Certain water-loving chemical radicals are also present in the cuticle
Stomata are minute pores present in large numbers on the leaves. Their main function is to control the absorption of
gases (CO2), release of O2 and water vapour.
The stomata thus also allow the passage of nutrient bearing solutions into the plant body.
Entry through STOMATA and CUTICLECuticle
Water Water + Nutrient
Stomatal Pore
Phloem
Xylem
Stomatal Cavity
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What are the advantages of Foliar over Soil Application ?
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UTILIZATION OF APPLIED QUANTITY More than 90% fertilizer is utilized by the plant when applied in Foliar form. When a similar amount of fertilizer is applied in the soil, the plant utilizes only 10%
TRANS-LOCATION WITHIN THE PLANT95% of the foliar fed nutrient solution can be found in the smallest root within 60 minutes if conditions are right
FERTILIZER EFFICACY IN SANDY LOAM SOILSIn sandy loam soils, foliar applied fertilizers are up to 20 times more effective when compared to soil applied fertilizers
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Nutrient Crop Foliar Soil Reference
Zn-Sulfate Annual 1 12 Lingle & Holmberg (1956)
Phosphorus Tomatoes 1 20 Wittwer, et al (1957)
Fe-Sulfate Grain 1 25 Withee & Carlson (1959)
Mg-Sulfate Grain 1 100 Krantz (1962)
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY ( Soil v/s Foliar )
Approximate ratios of amounts required for comparable response
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How to identify Nutrient Deficiency in leaves ?
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Old & mature leaves
Chlorosis
Uniform over leaf, small leaves
Nitrogen
Sulphur if symptoms also on young leaves
Interveinal or blotchy Magnesium
Necrosis
Tip or edge scorch, interveinal
yellowing/browningPhosphorous
Interveinal or bloctchy, varying shades of color
Magnesium
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Young leaves
Chlorosis
Uniform over leafSulphur,
Iron
Leaf edges purple, interveinal
yellowing, cuppingSulphur
Interveinal or blotchy
Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Copper
Necrosis
Interveinal blotches and leaf edge
scorchingCalcium
Yellow to brown interveinal areas,
red to purple, curled, torn leaves
Boron
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A fertile soil is not necessarily a productive soil