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Speeding Gas Chromatography –Mass Spectrometry to Analyze
>150 Pesticide Residues in <10 min
Steven J. Lehotay, Urairat Koesukwiwat,and Lucía Geis-Asteggiante
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Urairat (Oil)Koesukwiwat
Lucía Geis-Asteggiante
Cátedra de Farmacognosia y
Productos Naturales, DQO; UdelaR
Montevideo, Uruguay
Department of Chemistry;
Chulalongkorn University;
Bangkok, Thailand
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The Pesticide Analysis Challenge
• >500,000 possible pesticide/commodity pairs
• Low detection limits- EU and US “default” MRLs = 10 ng/g
• Minimum Cost
• Speed of Analysis - Perishable foods need results as soon as possible
Goal: Two chemists perform a batch of 32 samples for 300 pesticides from 9 am receipt of samples to determination and identification report by 5 pm on the same day.
But How?
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Unified QuEChERS Method
1 g sample per 1 mL of MeCN w/ 1% HOAc
for fruits and vegetables
add internal standard
centrifuge
per mL of the upper layer: 150 mg MgSO4 + 50 mg PSA + 50 mg C18 + 7.5 mg GCB
mix and centrifuge
per g sample, add 0.4 g anh. MgSO4
+ 0.1 g anh. NaOAcshake or blend
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HPLC-MS/MS Chromatographic Profile of 121 Veterinary Drugs
20 min
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UHPLC-MS/MS Chromatographic Profile of 82 Antibiotics
Mobile Phase: A – 95% water / 5% MeCN / 0.1% formic acidB – 100% MeCN / 0.1% formic acid
7.5min
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Column: Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18, 2.1 x 150mm, 1.7μmFlow rate: 0.45 ml/minTemperature: 65°C
172 Pesticides in 14 min by UHPLC-MS/MS
Slide adapted from André de Kok
2 transitions/pesticide344 transitionsDwell time: 10 msInterchannel delay: 10 ms
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• higher than optimum carrier gas velocity
ū ūopt ... H Hmin
• smaller diameter capillary column (for fixed resolution)
• higher diffusivity of the solute in the gas phase: - H2 as a carrier gas; - low-pressure GC (LP-GC)
dc
3cdQ
S
ūopt ... H = Hmin
_LtR = (k+1)ū
ū
• shorter capillary column
LRS L
• faster temperature programming
• larger diameter capillary column
(for fixed column length)
• altered stationary phase to adjust selectivity
• thinner film of the stationary phase
dc
df fSdQ
k
How to speedGC analysis?
Slide by K. Mastovska
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More Speed Means a Sacrifice:Reduced separation efficiency, Lower sample capacity, Complicated instrument design, Higher detection limits, and/or Less ruggedness
Ways to Speed GC Analysis
• Shorter columns• Wider columns• Less viscous carrier gas
• Faster temp ramps• Higher flow rates• Thinner films
Mastovska and Lehotay, J. Chromatogr. A 1000 (2003) 153-180
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Fast GC and GC-MS(/MS)
• Micro-Bore GC Columns• Gains separation efficiency but loses sample
capacity, ruggedness, and ease of use
• Rapid Temperature Ramps (resistive heating)• Loses separation efficiency with gain in speed;
but also loses of easy access to column
• Low-Pressure GC/MS (LP-GC/MS)• Loses separation efficiency but gains sample
capacity and sensitivity with normal GC-MS
• Fast Flow Rates (Supersonic GC-MS)
• Pressure Tunable GC • Loses analytical scope
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MS(/MS)
GC Oven
Injector
Restriction Capillary
Mega-BoreColumn
Low-Pressure GC-MS(/MS) Set-up
3 m
0.15mm
10 m 0.53 mm 1 m xx5-MS
No special adaptations needed; can be implemented in any GC-MS.
Mastovska, Lehotay, Hajslova, J. Chromatogr. A 926 (2001) 299-316Mastovska, Hajslova, Lehotay, J. Chromatogr. A 1054 (2004) 335-349
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LP-GC/MS(-MS)
Features
Speed
Sample capacity
Elution temperature
S/N ratio
Degradation of thermally-labile pesticides
Peak tailing
Separation efficiency, butcompensation by MS(/MS)
Restrictioncapillary
Megabore column
Restriction capillaryInlet
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LP-GC/MS is Much Faster
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
2e+006
4e+006
6e+006
8e+006
1e+007
Time (s)
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
2.5e+006
5e+006
7.5e+006
1e+007
1.25e+007
1.5e+007
1.75e+007
2e+007
2.25e+007
Time (s)
25 min
LP-GC/MS
Traditional GC/MS
and more sensitive
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Sample Capacity is
Increased in LP-GC/MS
Well, in clean standards, anyway.
Actually, LOQ is typically limited by
the amount of matrix present.
Splitless injection ofpesticides in toluene
at 250 deg. C
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Wh = 2. 8 s Wh = 1.5 s
Wh = 2.7 s Wh = 1.1 s
Wh = 3.7 sWh = 6.8 s
Peak WidthsLP-GC/MSGC-MS
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Thicker Film and Higher Flow Reduces Tailing
thiabendazole
procymidone
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Analyte Protectants
HO O
OH
HO O
OH
ethylglycerol
1 mg/ mL
ethylglycerol
1 mg/ mL
O
HO
HO
O
OHHO
O
HO
HO
O
OHHO
gulonolactone
0.1 mg/ mL
gulonolactone
0.1 mg/ mL
HO OH
OH OH
OH
HO OH
OH OH
OH
sorbitol
0.1 mg/ mL
sorbitol
0.1 mg/ mL
Strongly interact with active sites in GC system (inlet, column and ion source) to decrease degradation and adsorption of co-injected analytes.Sharper peaks, less tailing, more ruggedness, lower LOD
shikimic acid
0.05 mg/ mL
shikimic acid
0.05 mg/ mL
HO
HO
HO
OH
O
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Effect of Analyte Protectants
w/ analyte protectants
w/o analyte protectants
Anastassiades, Maštovská, Lehotay, J. Chromatogr. A, 1015, 163-184 (2003)
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Combination of Analyte Protectantsfor GC Pesticide Residue Analysis
retention time
O
OH OH
OOH
OH
gulonolactone (1 g)
OH O
OHethylglycerol (10 g)
OH
OH
OH
OHOH
sorbitol (1 g)
moderate
strong
Signal enhancement:
K. Mastovska, S.J. Lehotay, M. Anastassiades, Anal. Chem., 77, 8129-8137 (2005)
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Comparison of LP-GC/ ToF with QqQ
Inlet
LP-GC/MS-MS
Restrictor(3 m 0.15 mm,
non-coated)
Mega-bore column(10 m 0.53 mm,
1 µm film)
LP-GC/TOF
Comparison conducted for >100 QuEChERS extracts from 5 matrices spiked or not with 150 pesticides at 3 levels
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List of 153 GC AnalytesAlachlorAldrinAtrazine
Atrazine-d5
(I.S.)Azinphos-ethylAzinphos-methylBHC, alpha-BHC, beta- + LindaneBHC, delta-BifenthrinBromophosBromophos-ethylBromopropylateBupirimateBuprofezinCadusafosCaptafolCaptanCarbarylCarbofuranCarbophenothionCarfentrazone-ethylChinomethionateChlordane, cis-Chlordane, trans-ChlorfenvinphosChlorothalonilChlorprophamChlorpyrifosChlorpyrifos-methylCoumaphosCyanophosCyfluthrinCyhalothrin, lamda-Cypermethrin (sum)Cyprodinil
DDD, o,p'-DDD, p,p'- + DDT, o,p'-
DDE, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DeltamethrinDemeton-s-methylDemeton-s-methyl-sulfoneDiazinonDichlorfenthionDichlorobenzophenone, 4,4'-DicloranDicrotophosDieldrinDimethoateDioxathionDiphenylamineDisulfotonDisulfoton sulfoneEndosulfan sulphateEndosulfan, alpha-Endosulfan, beta-EndrinEndrin ketoneEPNEsfenvalerateEthafluralinEthionEthoprophosEthoxyquinFamphurFenamiphosFenarimolFenchlorphosFenitrothionFenoxycarbFenpropathrinFensulfothionFenthionFenthion sulfone
Fenthion-d6 (I.S.)FenvalerateFipronilFlucythrinate (sum)
FluvalinateFolpetFonofosHeptachlorHeptachlor-epoxideHeptenophosHexachlorobenzeneIprodioneIsofenphosKepone Kresoxim-methylLeptophosMalathionMetalaxylMethacrifosMethidathionMethiocarbMethoxychlorMetolachlorMetribuzinMevinphosMirexMyclobutanilNonachlor, cis-Nonachlor, trans-OxadixylOxyfluorfenParathionParathion-methylPenconazolePendimethalinPentachloroanisolePentachlorothioanisolePermethrin, cis-
Permethrin, trans-Phenylphenol, o-PhoratePhosalonePhosmetPhosphamidonPhthalimidePiperonyl butoxidePirimiphos-ethylPirimiphos-methylProcymidoneProfenofosPropachlorPropargitePropazinePropetamphosProphamPropiconazole I-IIPropoxurPropyzamidePyrimethanilQuintozene ResmethrinSimazineSulprofosTebuconazoleTecnazeneTerbufosTerbuthylazineTetrachlorvinphosTetraconazoleTetradifonTolclofos-methylTriadimifonTriazophosTrifluralinTriphenylphosphate (QC)Vinclozolin
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5101520253035404550556065
Constant He Inlet Pressure (psi)
Peak Height of Deltamethrin
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Ret. Time of Deltamethrin (min)
peak height
retention time
Maximum Signal/Noise RatioMaximum Signal/Noise Ratio
in Fastest Timein Fastest Time
Optimization of Speed and SensitivityOptimization of Speed and Sensitivity
Same result onLeco TOF as
Agilent quads(so far)
He carrier gas at 20 psi constant pressure (2.57 mL/min at start
and 1.2 mL/min at end of analysis = 103 - 70 cm/s)
Optimization of Speed and Sensitivity
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Stronger pumping of MS/MS allowed higher flow rate and use of constant flow rather than constant pressure
LP-GC/MS-MS of Deltamethrin
2 mL/minoptimum
3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. +10 m, 0.53 mm i.d. =3.13 m, 0.15 mm i.d.(vacuum outlet)
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LP-GC/MS Conditions
Leco Pegasus 4-D + Agilent 6890 GC + Atas Optic 3 PTV Injector
3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. restrictor + Rtx-5Sil-MS 10 m, 0.53 mm i.d.,1 µm film thickness
10 µL injection (MeCN extracts) 7°C initial for 18 s (15 s vent) to 280°C at 8°C/s (>2 min vent)
He carrier gas at 20 psi constant pressure
Oven program: 90°C for 1 min to 180°C at 80°C/min, to 250°C at 40°C/min to 290°C at 70°C/min, and hold for 5 min
Added oven insert pad to reduce volume and speed cool-down
280°C transfer line and 250°C ion source temperature
10 Hz data acquisition rate of m/z 70-600 (126 s delay), -70 eV
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LP-GC/MS-MS ConditionsAgilent 7890 GC + 7000A MS/MS with Multi-Mode Injector
3 m, 0.15 mm i.d. HydroGuard capillary + Rti-5ms 10 m, 0.53 mm i.d., 1 µm film thickness
5 µL injection (MeCN extracts) 80°C initial w/ 50 mL/min vent for 19 s then to 320°C at 7°C/s (vent >4 min) – 9.5 min total
He carrier gas at 2 mL/min constant flow
Oven program: 70°C for 1.5 min to 180°C at 80°C/min, to 250°C at 40°C/min to 290°C at 70°C/min, and hold for 4.3 min
250°C transfer line; 320°C ion source; 150°C quad temperatures
2.5 ms dwell time with 1 ms interchannel delay
Wide setting (1.2 amu) for transitions (not “unit” or widest”)
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Little Important Details
Needed 220 V oven heating upgrade to save 1 min in methodand yield consistent tR (critical in MS/MS)
Added oven insert pad to reduce volume and speed heat up by ≈0.8 min and cool-down by ≈0.15 min
Used MMI (or similar type) as PTV Injector (5-10 μL MeCN)
Liner can be dimpled, wall-coated sintered glass, or glass wool tokeep matrix away from column restrictor inlet
Can backflush inlet, but can’t backflush column in LP-GC
Used analyte protectants to improve results for pesticides affected by matrix-induced effect (wash syringe well!)
Can use 5 m, 0.18 mm i.d. restrictor + 10-15 m, 0.53 mm i.d.,1 µm film thickness COLUMN BLEED in full scan, but not seen in MS/MS Notes: Transfer Piece & Ultima Union
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Peak Characteristics vs. Dwell Time
Heptachlor
1 ms dwell9.1 cycle/s
2.55 s pk width20 points/pk
Data acquisition and peak width dictate the no. of data points across the peak
Cycle time = dwell time + interscan delay (1 ms) times the no. of ion transitions
Longer dwell time results in worse chromatographic peak shapes
≥ 8 points across a peak for quantitative purposes are often overstated
2.5 ms dwell5 cycle/s
2.97 s pk width14 points/pk
5 ms dwell2.9 cycle/s
2.70 s pk width8 points/pk
10 ms dwell1.5 cycle/s
2.85 s pk width4-5 points/pk
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Peak Characteristics vs. Dwell Time
If cycle time is not constant across peaks, then notches in peaks occur and quantitation is affected.
Thus, we included 30 analytes (60 transitions) in each of 26 segments with 2.5 ms dwell times
(210 ms cycle times) for >10 points across each peak.
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QuEChERS and LP-GC/TOF Exp’tEvaluate 4 different QuEChERS versions
(original vs. AOAC 2007.01 each using d-SPE and DPX cleanup) for
150 + 3 QC pesticides spiked at 3 levels (25, 100, 400 ng/g) with
5 replicates at each level for each cleanup technique in
5 matrices (tomato, strawberry, potato, orange, and lettuces)
2 methods x 2 cleanups x 3 levels x 5 reps x 5 matrices = 300 spikes+ 15 cal stds + 3 blks per seq. x 153 analytes = 68,860 data points
2 chemists, 16 samples/day each, 10 days (48 injections/day = 480 total)
1 hr for sample prep and 8 hrs sequence per day
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Recoveries in All Matrices
* 151 Total analyzed pesticides
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ND <70% 70-110% >110%
De
tec
ted
pe
sti
cid
e
Recovery
Tomato - AOAC Strawberry - original Strawberry - AOAC
Potato - original Potato - AOAC Orange - original
Orange - AOAC Lettuces - original Lettuces - AOAC
% o
f P
es
tic
ide
An
aly
tes
*
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RSD in All Matrices
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
<10% 10-20% >20%
De
tec
ted
pe
sti
cid
e
RSD
Tomato - AOAC Strawberry - original Strawberry - AOAC
Potato - original Potato - AOAC Orange - original
Orange - AOAC Lettuces - original Lettuces - AOAC
% o
f P
es
tic
ide
An
aly
tes
*
* 151 Total analyzed pesticides
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QuEChERS and LP-GC/MS-MS Exp’tEvaluate updated QuEChERS version for
150 pesticides (+ 3 I.S./QC compounds) spiked at
3 levels (10, 75, 400 ng/g) with
6 replicates at each level in
4 matrices (cantaloupe, sweet potato, lemon, and broccoli)
3 levels x 6 reps x 4 matrices = 72 spikes + 14 cal stds + 2 blks per
seq. x 153 analytes = 13,464 data points
1 chemist, 18 samples/day, 4 days (34 inj’ns/day = 136 total)
1 hr for sample prep and 8 hrs sequence per day
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100% of detected analytes
QuEChERS + LP-GC/MS-MS Results
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QuEChERS + LP-GC/MS-MS Results
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Qualitative Assessment LP-GC/ToF100 Final Extracts Prepared (20 for each Matrix -
Tomato, Strawberry, Potato, Orange, and Lettuces)
and Random Spike Additions Made (or not) among the
150 Pesticides from 25-1,000 ng/g
Analyzed in Blind Fashion to Determine
Quantitative Accuracy and
Rates of False Positives and Negatives
by the LP-GC/ToF Method
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150 200 250 300 350 4000
500000
1e+006
1.5e+006
2e+006
2.5e+006
3e+006
Time (s)
LP-GC/MS (ToF) of 153 Pesticides
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Deconvolution Full-Scan MS
180 182 184 186 188 190
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
Time (s)304 219 243 TICx0.015
TIC
β,γ-CHCs
cyanophos
diazinon
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180 182 184 186 188 1900
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
Time (s)
Diazinonm/z 304
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
500
1000 137
152 199 124 97
304 227 248 84 93 179 276 162 70 215 104 260 114 289 89
Peak True - sample "D5_1,000-Std:1", peak 3, at 184.357 s
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
500
1000 109
93 137
125 181 87 152 75 173 219
199 231 304 243 276 254 289
Caliper - sample "D5_1,000-Std:1", 184.357 s to 184.357 s
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
500
1000 179 137
152 199
304
93 227 276 248 124 216 66 163 84 289 260 54 41 109
Library Hit - similarity 791, "Diazinon"
Analyte Identification ToF
Library Hit
Peak spectrum
Deconvoluted spectrum
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Rates of True and False Identifications
Factor
Human Judgment
Automated Software
Fit ≥ 600 Fit ≥ 700
≥10 ng/g S/N ≥ 100 S/N ≥ 100
False positives 0.8% 1.0% 0.5%
False negatives* 17.1% 23.1% 29.4%
True (added) 82.9% 76.9% 70.6%
True (overall) 98.4% 97.8% 98.0%
* The false negatives were mainly caused by LC-amenable pesticides carbaryl, fenthion sulfone, and simazine, and degradable captafol, folpet, and phthalimide. False negative rates were 5-10% in the approaches otherwise.
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Qualitative Assessment of LP-GC/QqQ
100 Final Extracts Prepared (20 for each Matrix -
cantaloupe, sweet potato, lemon, and broccoli)
and Random Spike Additions Made (or not) among the
150 Pesticides from 10-600 ng/g
Analyzed in Blind Fashion to Determine
Quantitative Accuracy and
Rates of False Positives and Negatives
by the LP-GC/MS-MS Method
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Identification Criteria
Results for Diazinon, n=35 at each level in4-5 matrices in sequences on multiple days
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1. Retention time (tR) is within 3 SD of average tR
and peak shape matches that of reference standard
2. tR and peak shape of qual. ion(s) matches those of the quantification ion
3. Ion ratio is within 3 SD (measured at 10 ng/g level) of average ion ratio
4. S/N 3 (or 10) for quant. and qual. ions
5. Absence of positive findings in blanks
Identification Criteria
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Qualitative Validation Results
NO FALSE POSITIVES
OR FALSE NEGATIVES!
(for the targeted analytes)
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The LP-GC/MS-MS method outperformed the LP-GC/ToF method for the same pesticides in similar matrices in several respects:
1) greater selectivity led to much easier peak integration and identification
2) at least 50% lower LODs were obtained w/ 50% lower inj’n vol.
3) data review time was reduced from several weeks to a few days
4) a wider scope of pesticides, including chlorothalonil, folpet, and captan gave excellent recoveries and precision in the results
The drawback of MS/MS vs. ToF is that only targeted analytes could be monitored whereas full scan allows looking for wider scope.
Conclusions
The LP-GC/ToF studies are published and the LP-GC/MS-MS papers are submitted.
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Acknowledgments
US-Israel Binational Agricultural Researchand Development Grant US-4273-09
KaterinaMastovska
Hans MolTawanaSimons
Phil Wylie
Also, Henk van der Kamp, Tom Barrett, Hernan Diaz
Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Program (PHD0036/2550) Thailand Research Fund and Commission on Higher Education, Research Grant for Mid-
Career University Faculty (TRF-CHE-RES-MR) (RMU518009)
Shui Miao
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Tanks Berry Mulch!
+
+ !
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Efficient Pesticide Residue Analysis
Collect Appropriate Sample
(cut and store in dry ice?)
Drive Mobile Lab to the Field
or Send Sample to the Lab
Homogenize and Subsample – Add QC Spk for Sample Processing
Weigh 15 g Sample into Tube (Place ≈200 g for Cold Storage)
Incorporate Data into LIMS for QA/QC Review and Report
Inject in (DSI-)LP-GC/MS(-MS)
(Need for Analyte Protectants?)
Inject in UPLC-MS/MS
(Need for Matrix-Matching?)
Use QuEChERS to Extract (Add I.S.) including d-SPE or DPX Cleanup
250 μL to Mini Uni-Prep Vial - Add QC Std - Transfer 150 µL to Vial w/
Insert for GC; Add Mobile Phase Diluent for LC and Filter in Vial
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Conclusions
QuEChERS is a well-proven, fast sample
preparation method for hundreds of pesticide
residues in different types of food matrices.
UPLC-MS/MS can provide 10 min analysis of
hundreds of LC-amenable pesticides.
LP-GC/MS can also provide 10 min analysis of
hundreds of GC-amenable pesticides.
Currently, the HUGE sample throughput
limitation is data processing and review!
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QuEChERS: fast and easy sample preparation method
LP-GC/MS: 10 min analysis of hundreds of GC-amenable pesticides
Single method for wide scope of analysis!
Limit of detection: 10 ng/g for ToF MS
5-10 ng/g for MS/MS
High sample throughput
Low cost per sample (40-50% reduction)
Less hazardous waste
Conclusions
20
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Objective
Develop a high throughput screening method (20
min extraction and determination)
for determination of pesticide residues in fruits and
vegetables using LP-GC/TOF
10
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12
Method validation
recovery: 25, 100, 400 ng/g
precision: 5 replicates/each cleanup met’d
3 Spks 5 replicates 2 cleanups 2 ext’ns 5 matrices
linearity: 5 points (10, 25, 100, 400, 1000 ng/µL)
for both of Stds in solvent and matrix-
matched Stds
matrix effects
ruggedness: 200 ng/g I.S.
*48 injection per day, 8 hrs
Experimental
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LP-GC/TOF Conditions
Atas Optic 3 PTV Injector: 10 µL injection (MeCN extracts), 7ºC
initial for 18 s (15 s vent) to 280ºC at 8ºC/s (>2 min vent)
Agilent 6890 GC: 3 m0.15 mm i.d. restrictor + Rtx-5Sil-MS 10 m0.53 mm i.d.,
1 µm film thickness
He carrier gas at 20 psi constant pressure entire the run
oven temp program: 90ºC for 1 min, 80ºC/min to 180ºC, 40ºC/min
to 250ºC, 70ºC/min to 290ºC (hold for 5 min)
oven insert pad used to reduce the oven volume and speed cool-down
Leco Pegasus 4D TOFMS: 280ºC transfer line, 250ºC ion source
temperature, solvent delay 126 s, m/z 70-600, 10 Hz data acquisition
rate, -70 eV
18
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Degradation in MeCN/GC injection steps:
captan, captafol, chlorothalonil, folpet
LC-based analysis:
atrazine, captan, captafol, deltamethrin, dimethoate,
phosmet, methiocarb
Missing in detection/integration:
azinphos-methyl, demeton-s-methyl, demeton-s-methylsulfone, fenthion sulfone, metribuzin, oxadixyl, and methyl parathion
Retention of planar pesticides on GCB sorbent:
chinomethionat, chlorothalonil etc.
Problematic Analytes
27
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The method provides identification and quantification for
most of pesticides in a single method
TOF MS: automated peak searching and comparing with
library, mass spectral deconvolution
QuEChERS and LP-GC/TOF MS = High throughput
analysis (~10 min for 48 extractions and <10 min for
determination)
80-91% of analytes give 70-110% recovery with <10%RSD
for 84-91% of analytes
No significant difference of results between d-SPE and DPX
tip, except cost and time29
Conclusions
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(1) weigh 15 g homogenized sample into a 50 mL tube
(2) add spiking and I.S. solutions, and vortex for 1 min;
(3) add 15 mL of MeCN with 1% HOAc; shake for 30 s;
(4) add 6 g of anh. MgSO4 and 1.5 g of anh. NaOAc;
(5) shake the tube immediately for 1 min;
(6) centrifuge the tube at 3,250 rcf for 2 min;
(7) transfer 1 mL extract to d-SPE tube containing 150 mg
anh. MgSO4 + 50 mg PSA + 50 mg C-18 + 7.5 mg GCB;
(8) mix for 30 s and centrifuge at 3,250 rcf for 2 min;
(9) transfer 0.5 mL into an autosampler vial;
(10) add 50 L of the QC and analyte protectants mixture
and 50 μL MeCN (to make sample volumes equal those
of the calibration standards), and
(11) conduct LP-GC/MS-MS analysis.
QuEChERS Sample Prep
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Choice of Ion Transitions
Chlorothalonil: quant. m/z 266133 at 40 V CE;
qual. m/z 266168 at 25 V CE
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Choice of Ion Transitions
high sensitivity and selectivity for each compound
consideration of interfering ions from matrix and other analytes
optimum collision energy highest S/N for each transition
Mevinphos
quant. m/z 127109 at 10 V CE; qual. m/z 192127 at 10 V CE
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sample capacity
is increased in
LP-GC/MS(-MS)
Injection volume
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Injection volume
Increase inj’n vol. Increase peak ht. with const. peak width
Diazinon
FWHM = 0.9 s
2.5 L
5 L
7.5 L
10 L
Chlorpyrifos
FWHM = 0.96 s