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kk
k. MOD@FQF]KJB9
K, Qj`fbm Bshkotoh Eueu`uh mod`fro thft thks thosks ks obtkro`y tho prjmudt
jn ey jwb wjrl fbm hfs bjt aoob prosobtom jr suaekttom kb fby
kbstktutkjb jr ubkvorskty. ]ho kmofs tflob nrje jthor futhjrs hfvo aoob
prjpor`y fdlbjw`omgom fbm ronorobdom. ]hus tho thosks obtkt`om tho
dhf``obgos jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty eoots
tho rogu`ftkjbs fbm roqukroeobts gjvorbkbg tho fwfrm jn f ATd.
(Hjbjurs) kb Oborgy Tystoes fbm Kbmustrkf` Futjeftkjb jn tho Kbstktuto jn
]odhbj`jgy A`fbdhfrmstjwb, Mua`kb, Kro`fbm.
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kkk
kk. FAT]QFD]9Kb tho pfst, fbm ovob tjmfy, tho quf`kty jn pjwor hfm fbm hfs f`wfys
aoob fb frof jn djbdorb tj prjnosskjbf`s kb tho nko`m jn O`odtrkdf`Obgkboorkbg aut tho kbtorost kb pjwor quf`kty hfs aoob robowom fgfkb muo
tj tho morogu`ftkjb jn tho o`odtrkdkty efrlot fbm tho djeekteobt jn
bftkjbs tj dut mjwb groobhjuso gfs oeksskjbs fbm shjrtfgos kb njssk` nuo`.
Fs sudh, Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes djbstktuto jbo jn tho efkb rofsjbs njr tho
robowom kbtorost kb pjwor quf`kty.
]hks thosks `jjls kbtj tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb
pjwor quf`kty fbm tho rosu`ts rovof`om thft tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay tho
kbvortor djbtfkbs hfrejbkds thft oxdooms tho ?% stftom `kekt jn tho
Kbstktutkjb jn O`odtrkdf` fbm O`odtrjbkds Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.
]ho supp`y jatfkbom nrje tho S^ kbvortor wfs djepfrom tj thft supp`kom
ay tho O`odtrkdkty supp`y ajfrm jn Kro`fbm ubmor sfeo `jfm djbmktkjbs fbm
fs kt wju`m fppofr nrje tho eofsuroeobts djbmudtom, tho tjtf` hfrejbkd
mkstjrtkjbs njr tho vj`tfgo whob pjworom nrje tho O`odtrkdf` supp`y ajfrmjn Kro`fbm wfs wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o `kekt jn tho Kbstktutkjb jn O`odtrkdf`
Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.
Sjwor quf`kty ks djbdorb wkth tho hfrejbkd djbtobts kb fb f`torbftkbg
durrobt wfvonjre, vfrkftkjb kb vj`tfgos, trfbskobt vj`tfgos fbm durrobt,
fbm djbtkbukty kb sorvkdo. Sjjr pjwor quf`kty romudos tho onnkdkobdy fbm
ro`kfak`kty jn tho supp`y systoe fbm dfb rosu`t tj skgbknkdfbt `jss fbm
mfefgo tj djbsueors oqukpeobt.
Tj hfrejbkds whoro kmobtknkom fs f pjtobtkf` kepfdt wkth tho kbtogrftkjb jn
phjtjvj`tfkd goborftom o`odtrkdkty dfusom ay tho djbvorskjb prjdoss nrje
mkrodt durrobt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt ay tho kbvortor fbm tho bfturo jn
d`jum djvor kbd`umkbg tho fejubt jn sj`fr oborgy fvfk`fa`o ft tho kbput jn
tho kbvortor.
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kv
kkk. FDLBJW@OMGOEOB]9]hks stumy wju`m bjt hfvo aoob fdhkovom wkthjut tho grfdo jn tho
f`ekghty Gjm whj prjvkmom eo wkth tho strobgth roqukrom njr thks wjrl.
Ejst grftonu``y, K wksh tj oxpross ey skbdoro grftktumo tj ey prjiodt
suporvksjr Mr. Mjug`fs Hybos njr tho tkeo ho movjtom tj eo murkbg thks
stumy. K wju`m `klo tj thfbl Er. Gorfrm Mulo tho djurso djjrmkbftjr fbm
f`` tho `odturors whj tfught eo tjwfrms tho fwfrm jn tho Afdho`jr jn
Tdkobdo (Hjbjurs) kb Oborgy Tystoes fbm Kbmustrkf` Futjeftkjb fbm
ospodkf``y tho dj``ogo todhbkdkfb njr prjvkmkbg tho bodossfry oqukpeobts tj
nfdk`ktfto thks thosks.
K wju`m `klo tj thfbl Mr. Thfnkuzzfefb Lhfb Lhfmoe jn tho o`odtrkdf`
pjwor rosofrdh grjup (Mua`kb Kbstktuto jn ]odhbj`jgy) njr tho tkeo ho
movjtom kb fbsworkbg quostkjbs rogfrmkbg Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes fbm pjwor
quf`kty fbm Mr. @fdjur Fyjepo njr hks obdjurfgoeobts.
K wju`m `klo tj momkdfto thks prjiodt tj ey nfek`y kb Dfeorjjb fbm
ospodkf``y tj ey wkno Qjso`kbo njr tho suppjrt sho gfvo tj eo murkbg thks
stumy.
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v
DJB]OB]9
k. MOD@FQF]KJB9 ........................................................................ kk
kk. FAT]QFD]9 .............................................................................. kkk
kkk. FDLBJW@OMGOEOB]9 ............................................................ kv
kv. ]FA@OT9 .................................................................................. kx
^k. NKG_QOT9 ................................................................................ x
vkk. FDQJB[ET9 .......................................................................... xkk
6.3 KB]QJM_D]KJB9 .................................................................... 6
1.3 @K]OQF]_QO QO^KOW9 ............................................................ 4
1.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 4
1.1 GQKM KB]OGQF]KJB JN S^ T[T]OET ........................................ 4
1.4 GQKM QOV_KQOEOB]T ............................................................. =
1.4.6 GQKM TSODKNKDF]KJBT NJQ S^ KB^OQ]OQT........................ ?
1.= ][SOT JN @F[J_]T NJQ S^ EJM_@OT ...................................... 7
1.=.6 J^OQ^KOW ........................................................................ 7
1.=.1 DOB]QF@ @F[J_] NJQ S^ S@FB]T ....................................... 8
1.=.4 EJM_@O KB^OQ]OQ @F[J_] .............................................. 63
1.=.= T]QKBG @F[J_] NJQ S^ EJM_@OT .................................... 66
1.=.? E_@]KS@O T]QKBG DJBNKG_QF]KJB JN S^ EJM_@OT .......... 64
1.=.> MKTDJBBOD]KJB EODHFBKTET ........................................ 6=
1.? SJWOQ V_F@K][ .................................................................. 6=
1.?.6 WHF] KT SJWOQ V_F@K][ ................................................ 6=
1.?.1 SQJA@OET FQKTKBG NQJE SJWOQ BO]WJQLT .................. 6?
1.?.4 SJ]OB]KF@ KESFD]T JN KB]OGQF]KBG S^ T[T]OET ........... 6>
1.?.4.6 KBQ_TH D_QQOB] ...................................................... 67
1.?.4.1 J^OQ ^J@]FGO .......................................................... 68
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vk
1.?.4.4 J_]S_] SJWOQ N@_D]_F]KJBT .................................. 6;
1.?.4.= NQOV_OBD[ N@_D]_F]KJBT ........................................ 13
1.?.4.? HFQEJBKDT .............................................................. 16
1.> DF_TOT JN HFQEJBKDT KB S^ KB^OQ]OQT ........................... 11
1.7 T]FBMFQMT NJQ HFQEJBKDT ............................................. 14
1.8 TJ@_]KJBT ]J HFQEJBKDT KB SJWOQ T[T]OET .................. 1?
1.8.6 SFTTK^O NK@]OQKBG FBM QOFD]K^O DJESOBTF]KJB ........ 1?
1.81 FD]K^O NK@]OQKBG FBM T]F]KD DJESOBTF]KJB .............. 1>
4.3 EO]HJMJ@JG[ ................................................................... 17
4.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 17
4.1 QOTOFQDH V_OT]KJB.............................................................. 17
4.4 QOTOFQDH EO]HJMJ@JG[....................................................... 18
4.= QOTOFQDH ]JJ@T ................................................................... 43
4.? DJBD@_TKJBT ........................................................................ 4>
=.3 QOT_@]T .............................................................................. 47
=.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB ...................................................................... 47
=.1 JTQFE KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST .............................................. 47
=.1.6 S^ KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE ...................................................... 48
=.1.1 S^ KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ............................................ 48
=.1.4 OTA WF^ONJQE ................................................................... 4;
=.1.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... 4;
=.4 DJESFD] N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ............................................... =3
=.4.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE .......................................................... =3
=.4.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ =6
=.4.4 OTA WF^ONJQE ................................................................... =6
=.4.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... =1
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vkk
=.= ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ........................................................... =4
=.=.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE .......................................................... =4
=.=.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ ==
=.=.4 OTA WF^ONJQE ................................................................... ==
=.=.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ........................................................ =?
=.? ]61 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ......................................................... =>
=.?.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE .......................................................... =>
=.?.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ =7
=.?.4 OTA WF^ONJQE .................................................................. =7
=.?.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ......................................................... =8
=.> ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES ............................................................. =;
=.>.6 OTA WF^ONJQE ................................................................... =;
=.>.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH ........................................................ ?3
=.>.4 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE .......................................................... ?6
=.>.= KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH ................................................ ?6
=.7 ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQK^O .......................................................... ?1
=.7.6 OTA WF^ONJQE F] ?3 Hz EFX. TSOOM ................................... ?1
=.7.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3HY EFX. TSOOM .......................... ?4
=.7.4 OTA WF^ONJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ..................................... ?=
=.7.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43HY >3% TSOOM .......................... ??
=.7.= OTA WF^ONJQE F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM .................................... ?>
=.7.? OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM .......................... ?7
=.7.8 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] ?3Hz EFX TSOOM ............................ ?8
=.7.; KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3Hz EFX. TSOOM ................. ?;
=.7.63 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ....................... >3
=.7.66 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM ............. >6
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vkkk
=.7.61 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM ....................... >1
=.7.64 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM ............. >4
=.7.6= ]FA@O JN QOT_@]T NJQ ^TM ............................................ >=
?.3 MKTD_TTKJB JN QOT_@]T ................................................... >?
?.6 S^ KB^OQ]OQ SJWOQ V_F@K][ FBF@[TKT .................................. >?
?.1 KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST ............................................................ >7
?.1 DJESFD] N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST ............................................... >7
?.4 ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ......................................................... >8
?.= ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST ......................................................... >8
?.? ]61 N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST .......................................................... >;
?.? ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQK^OT ......................................................... 73
>.3 DJBD@_TKJBT FBM QODJEEOBMF]KJBT ........................... 76
>.6 DJBD@_TKJBT ..................................................................... 76
>.1 QODJEEOBMF]KJBT ............................................................. 74
AKA@KJGQFSH[ ........................................................................... 7=
FSSOBMKX 6 ................................................................................ 83
MF]F THOO]T NJQ SJWOQV_F@K][ FBF@[TOQ................................... 83
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kx
kv. ]FA@OT9
]fa`o 69 Sjwor quf`kty prja`oes ....................................................... 6>
]fa`o 19 Qodjeeobmom hfrejbkd vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb ............................ 1=
]fa`o 49 Kbdfbmosdobt % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ......................... 47
]fa`o =9 DN@ % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ...................................... =1
]fa`o ?9 ]? ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo ............................................ =?
]fa`o >9 ]61 ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo .......................................... =8
]fa`o 79 ]8 ]HM wkth OTA supp`y ...................................................... ?3
]fa`o 89 ^f`uos njr nkguro =3 ............................................................ ?1
]fa`o ;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =6 ........................................................... ?4
]fa`o 639 ^f`uos njr nkguro =1 .......................................................... ?=
]fa`o 669 ^f`uos njr nkguro =4 .......................................................... ??
]fa`o 619 Qosu`ts njr nkguro == ......................................................... ?>
]fa`o 649 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =? ......................................................... ?7
]fa`o 6=9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro => ......................................................... ?8
]fa`o 6?9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =7 ......................................................... ?;
]fa`o 6>9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =8 ......................................................... >3
]fa`o 679 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =; ......................................................... >6
]fa`o 689 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?3 ......................................................... >1
]fa`o 6;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?6 ......................................................... >4
]fa`o 139 ]fa`o jn rosu`ts njr ^TM ..................................................... >=
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x
^k. NKG_QOT9
Nkguro 69 Dobtrf` fyjut pfrf``o` S^ systoes (Dfrajbo, 1363) ................. 8
Nkguro 19 Dobtrf` fyjut sorkos S^ systoes (@kbmgrob, 1333) .................. ;
Nkguro 49 @fyjut njr ejmu`o jrkobtom kbvortors (Dfrajbo, 1363) ........... 63
Nkguro =9 @fyjut jn strkbg kbvortors (Dfrajbo, 1363) ........................... 61
Nkguro ?9 Eu`tk strkbg kbvortor `fyjut (Dfrajbo, 1363) ......................... 64
Nkguro >9 Mkfgrfe jn Hfrejbkds wfvonjre (Ohfrf, 133;) .................... 16
Nkguro 79 Kbvortor wkth SWE (Hjbg & Efrtksjb, 1366) ......................... 11
Nkguro 89 Djepjbobts jn f S^ systoe (efpfwftt, 133;) ..................... 43
Nkguro ;9 Sjwor & quf`kty fbf`ysor .................................................... 46
Nkguro 639 EB ;4F durrobt d`fep ...................................................... 46
Nkguro 669 Eu`tkeotor ...................................................................... 41
Nkguro 619 Kbvortor ......................................................................... 41
Nkguro 649 MD Sjwor sjurdo ............................................................. 44
Nkguro 6=9 ]61 n`ujrosdobt fep ....................................................... 44
Nkguro 6?9 ]8 n`ujrosdobt fep ......................................................... 4=
Nkguro 6>9 ]? n`ujrosdobt fep ......................................................... 4=
Nkguro 679 Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps ............................................... 4?
Nkguro 689 Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt feps ............................................... 4?
Nkguro 6;9 ^frkfa`o spoom mrkvo TL 6133347 ...................................... 4>
Nkguro 139 S^ kbvortor wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps ..................... 48
Nkguro 169 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps ................. 48
Nkguro 119 OTA wfvo njre njr kbdfbmosdobt feps .............................. 4;Nkguro 149 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt feps ....................... 4;
Nkguro 1=9 Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt feps nom nrje f S^ kbvortor ............... =3
Nkguro 1?9 DN@ hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor ................................. =6
Nkguro 1>9 Wfvonjre njr DN@ wkth OTA supp`y .................................... =6
Nkguro 179 Hfrejbkd grfph njr DN@ uskbg OTA pjwor ........................... =1
Nkguro 189 Wfvonjre njr ]? n`ujrosdobt nrje S^ kbvortor ..................... =4
Nkguro 1;9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? n`ujrosdobt nrje kbvortor ................. ==
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xk
Nkguro 439 Wfvonjre nrje ]? wkth OTA supp`y ................................... ==
Nkguro 469 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? wkth OTA supp`y .............................. =?
Nkguro 419 ]61 Wfvonjre nrje S^ kbvortor ........................................ =>
Nkguro 449 ]61 Hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor ................................ =7Nkguro 4=9 Wfvonjre njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y .................................... =7
Nkguro 4?9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y ............................ =8
Nkguro 4>9 ]8 wfvonjre nrje OTA supp`y .......................................... =;
Nkguro 479 ]8 hfrejbkd grfph wkth OTA supp`y ................................... ?3
Nkguro 489 Kbvortor wfvonjre njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt ................................. ?6
Nkguro 4;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt ......................... ?6
Nkguro =39 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft efx spoom ................................ ?1
Nkguro =69 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft ?3 Hz ............................... ?4
Nkguro =19 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 43Hz ........................................ ?=
Nkguro =49 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 43Hz ................................ ??
Nkguro ==9 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 6?Hz ........................................ ?>
Nkguro =?9 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 6?Hz ................................ ?7
Nkguro =>9 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft ?3Hz efx spoom ............................... ?8
Nkguro =79 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft ?3Hz efx. spoom ..................... ?;
Nkguro =89 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 43Hz >3% spoom .............................. >3
Nkguro =;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 43Hz >3% spoom ...................... >6
Nkguro ?39 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 6?Hz 43% spoom .............................. >1
Nkguro ?69 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 6?Hz 43% spoom ...................... >4
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xkk
vkk. FDQJB[ET9FD F`torbftkbg durrobt
FND Futjeftkd nroquobdy djbtrj`
FMM Futjeftkd mksdjbbodtkjb movkdo
DN@ Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `fep
MD Mkrodt durrobt
MG Mkstrkautom goborftkjb
OTA O`odtrkdkty supp`y ajfrm Kro`fbm
OEK O`odtrjefgbotkd kbtornorobdo
KOOO Kbstktutkjb jn O`odtrkdf` fbm O`odtrjbkd Obgkboors
KOD Kbtorbftkjbf` O`odtrj todhbkdf` djeeksskjb
@^ @jw vj`tfgo
ESS] Efxkeue pjwor trfdlkbg
SDT Sjwor djbmktkjbkbg systoe
S^ Shjtjvj`tfkd
SWE Su`so wkth ejmu`ftkjb
SDD Sjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg
SG Shjtjvj`tfkd goborftjr
QET Qjjt eofb squfro vf`uo jn vj`tfgo jr durrobt
T]F]DJE Ttftkd djepobsftkjb
]HM ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb
]61 48ee n`ujrosdobt tuao
]8 1?ee n`ujrosdobt tuao
]? 6>ee n`ujrosdobt tuao
^TM ^frkfa`o spoom mrkvo
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6
6.3 KB]QJM_D]KJB9
]ho rosofrdh kb Shjtjvj`tfkd djbbodtom p`fbts wfs dhjsob muo tj kts
aobonkts kb prjvkmkbg f robowfa`o njre jn oborgy tj tho pjwor systoe fbmf`sj prjvkmo vj`tfgo suppjrt< romudo trfbseksskjb `jssos fs wo`` fs
keprjvkbg tho ro`kfak`kty jn tho systoe. Tkbdo tho bftkjbf` grkm kb Kro`fbm
hfs bjt yot kbdjrpjrftom S^ systoes kbtj kts pjwor systoe, fbm kb vkow jn
Kro`fbms djeekteobt tj dut mjwb dfrajb oeksskjbs, thks rosofrdh wfs
f`sj dhjsob fs f stop njrwfrm kbtj tho pjsskak`ktkos jn obdjurfgkbg tho uso
jn S^ goborftom o`odtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm. ]ho stumy f`sj `jjls kbtj pjwor
quf`kty wkth rogfrm tj KOOO ?6; -6;;1 fbm djepfros tho pjwor quf`kty jn
sjeo o`odtrkdf` `jfms.
F`thjugh phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts obhfbdo tho nubdtkjbkbg jn tho o`odtrkdf`
pjwor systoe, kt f`sj prosobts sjeo dhf``obgos tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor
sudh fs hfrejbkd pj``utkjb. Tj`fr krrfmkftkjb pjssosfmvorso onnodts jbtj
tho systoe fs kt `ofms tj jvor vj`tfgos, jutput pjwor n`udtuftkjbs,
nroquobdy n`udtuftkjbs fbm kbrush durrobts. ]horonjro, pjwor quf`ktyfsdortfkbs tho suktfak`kty jn o`odtrkdf` oborgy mo`kvorom tj tho djbsueor.
]ho tore pjwor quf`kty fdtuf``y ro`ftos tj tho quf`kty jn tho vj`tfgo fbm
durrobt ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg fbm pjjr pjwor quf`kty dfb rosu`t
tj ef`nubdtkjbkbg jn oqukpeobts, a`fdljut, fbm mfefgos tj fpp`kfbdos.
]hks thosks ks efmo up jn skx dhfptors jn whkdh tho nkrst dhfptor kbtrjmudos
tho thosks. Dhfptor twj jn thks stumy rovkow `ktorfturos kb phjtjvj`tfkd
kbtogrftkjb fbm pjwor quf`kty. ]ho `ktorfturo rovkowom `jjls kbtj tho
nj``jwkbg9 Grkm kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes, grkm roqukroeobts, typos jn
`fyjut njr S^ kbvortors, pjwor quf`kty, pjtobtkf` kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg S^
systoes, tho dfusos jn hfrejbkds kb S^ systoe, stfbmfrms njr hfrejbkds,
fbm sj`utkjbs tj hfrejbkds kb pjwor systoes. ]ho prjdomuros fbm
eothjms oep`jyom njr thks rosofrdh fro djvorom kb dhfptor throo fbm
kbd`umo tho rosofrdh quostkjb, rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy, fbm rosofrdh tjj`s.
Kb dhfptor njur tho rosu`ts jatfkbom jb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg
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phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty fro prosobtom. Kt djbtfkbs efkb`y
wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs njr mknnorobt `jfms. ]ho `jfms djbskmorom
fro jut`kbom ubmor rosofrdh tjj`s kb dhfptor 4 jn thks thosks fbm tho
prjdomuros nj``jwom fro sfeo fs motfk`om kb tho rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy.]ho pjwor quf`kty ks eofsurom uskbg twj mknnorobt pjwor sjurdos, f S^
kbvortor fbm tho OTA supp`y.
Mksdusskjbs jn rosu`ts fro prosobtom kb dhfptor nkvo fbm dhfptor skx djvors
tho rodjeeobmftkjbs fbm djbd`uskjbs jn thks thosks.
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djbskmorftkjbs rogfrmkbg pjwor quf`kty eust ao sftksnkom njr tho sfno
kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes jbtj tho mkstrkautkjb grkm.
1.4 GQKM QOV_KQOEOB]T
]horo fro dortfkb roqukroeobts fssjdkftom wkth tho grkm whob djbbodtkbg
S^ p`fbts, sjeo djbskmorftkjbs eust ao tflob kbtj fddjubt whob tho noom
kb pjkbt aotwoob tho pjwor p`fbt fbm tho grkm fro nurthor fwfy fbm vkdo-
vorsf. Fddjrmkbg tj Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., (1364) grkm vj`tfgos f`sj romudos
whobovor `frgo fejubts jn pjwor ks djbsueom jr tflob nrje tho grkm fbm
tho kbtogrftkjb jn o`odtrkdkty nrje S^ p`fbts jbtj tho grkm f`sj kbdrofsos
grkm vj`tfgo. Tj thob, kt dfb ao soob thft tho kbtogrftkjb jn o`odtrkdkty nrje
S^ p`fbts suppjrts tho grkm ospodkf``y murkbg porkjms whob moefbms fro
hkghor jb tho pua`kd grkm (Qkaokrj ot f`., 1361).
]ho hkgh moefbm jn pjwor nrje tho grkm ay djbsueors fbm tho kbdrofso kb
o`odtrkdkty nom nrje S^ p`fbts usuf``y mjosbt jddur ft sfeo tkeo, whkdh
thoronjro kep`kos thft eofsuros fro roqukrom tj prjpor`y efbfgo fbm
rosj`vo tho kbdrofso kb vj`tfgo thfb tho grkm roqukros ([u ot f`., 1361).
Nurthorejro, kb kbstfbdos whoroay djbsueptkjb ks `jw fbm pjwor supp`kom
tj tho grkm ks hkghor thfb moefbm, durrobt n`jw dfb ao rovorsom kb tho grkm
fbm sjeo grkms dfbbjt efbfgo sudh dkrduestfbdos (Qobk, 1361).]hus tho
kbdrofskbg `ovo` jn robowfa`o kbtj tho trfbseksskjb systoe kbtrjmudos
sjeo dhf``obgos tj pjwor quf`kty.
Wkth grkm kbtogrftom sj`fr o`odtrkdkty, f pjwor o`odtrjbkds kbvortor p`fys fb
kepjrtfbt rj`o kb thft< kt kbtogrftos tho sj`fr o`odtrkdkty tj tho grkm kb
fddjrmfbdo wkth quf`kty stfbmfrms. ]ho dhf``obgos obdjubtorom wkth tho
uso jn kbvortors oxkst kb tho njre jn hfrejbkds kbiodtom kbtj tho
trfbseksskjb systoe muo tj tho swktdhkbg jn hkgh nroquobdy kbvortors,
thoroay droftkbg pjwor quf`kty mksturafbdos kn bjt efbfgom prjpor`y
(Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., 1364).
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Qoktsef (1366) stftom thft, kt ks kepjrtfbt thft o`odtrkdkty nrje S^
systoes whob kbtogrftom kbtj tho grkm shju`mbt mkstjrttho pjwor quf`kty
jn tho grkm. ]ho pua`kd grkm usos f`torbftkbg durrobt (skbusjkmf`) hfvkbg
nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo thft fro stfa`o. Kt ks f`sj roqukrom thft thohfrejbkd djepjbobts fro `kektom wkth rogfrm tj sjeo stfbmfrms fbm
gukmo`kbos (KOOO, 6;;1).
Tj tho uso jn kbvortors f``jws tho S^ p`fbts tj sftksny tho nroquobdy,
vj`tfgo fbm hfrejbkd roqukroeobts njr o`odtrkdkty tj ao nom jbtj tho pua`kd
grkm fbm tho eothjm kb whkdh tho S^ systoe ks kbtogrftom kbtj tho grkm
hkgh`kghts throo kepjrtfbt pjkbts tj ao djbskmorom, bfeo`y9
Sjwor quf`kty S^ `fyjut fbm moskgb, fbm Sorsjbf` sfnoty (nrje efkbs kbtornorobdo)
1.4.6 GQKM TSODKNKDF]KJBT NJQ S^ KB^OQ]OQT
@ksorro (1366) pjkbts jut thft dortfkb roqukroeobts eust ao sftksnkom whob
djbbodtkbg S^ systoes uskbg rjjt eofb squfro vf`uos jn vj`tfgos wkth
prjpor eofsuroeobts.
Kt ks roqukrom thft tho kbvortor shf`` bjt prjvkmo pjwor tj tho grkmwhobovor tho grkm nroquobdy ks aoyjbm tho rfbgo jn p`us/ekbus 6HY
(+/- 6 Hz). ]ho trkppkbg tkeo shf`` ao 3.1 sodjbms whobovor sudh
nroquobdy vfrkftkjbs fro kmobtknkom.
]ho S^ p`fbt roqukros f pjwor nfdtjr oxdoomkbg 3.; `fggkbg murkbgporkjms whob tho S^ goborftjr prjmudos pjwor thft oxdooms ?3%
rftom.
Tj thob, tj djpo wkth thoso roqukroeobts tho vj`tfgo jn tho grkm fbm kts
nroquobdy eust ao prjpor`y df`du`ftom fbm ejbktjrom nroquobt`y fbm
fddurfto`y.
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]hjugh grkm mksturafbdos fro bjt f bow tjpkd fbm efby utk`ktkos fro
nfek`kfr wkth thjso mksturafbdos, hjwovor, tho tjpkd hfs tflob f bow
mkrodtkjb muo tho bfturo jn durrobt `jfms fbm rfpkm dhfbgos jn dustjeors
moefbm.
]ho rogu`ftkjbs roqukro f pjwor nfdtjr groftor thfb 3.;. ]horonjro, gjjm
sybdhrjbkzftkjb jn grkm vj`tfgo fbm durrobt ks roqukrom.
j ]ho grkm stfbmfrms fbm djmo spodknkos thft kb jrmor tj mof`wkth hfrejbkds f d`ofb ronorobdo ks roqukrom njr tho durrobt.
j Fby trfbskobt fssjdkftom wkth grkm djbbodtkjbs eust aoromudom sj fs tj provobt trkppkbg jn tho kbvortor.
Wkth hkghor pjwor mkstrkautom goborftkjb, thoro fro roqukroeobtsnjr vj`tfgo suppjrt jr rofdtkvo pjwor kbiodtkjb dfpfak`kty fbm
suppjrt jn nroquobdy jr fdtkvo pjwor mrjp.
F arjfm rfbgo jn nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo oxkst wkthkb ekdrj-grkmmkstrkautom goborftkjb botwjrls fbm fpprjxkeftom vj`tfgo
pfrfeotors fro kbvj`vom kb tho djbtrj` `jjps.
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1.= ][SOT JN @F[J_]T NJQ S^ EJM_@OT
1.=.6 J^OQ^KOW
]ho qufbtkty jn o`odtrkdf` pjwor goborftom ks `frgor whob ejmu`os jn
phjtjo`odtrkd systoes fro ijkbom tjgothor.
F strkbg ks njreom whob efby ejmu`os fro djbbodtom kb sorkos whk`o f S^
nko`m jr S^ goborftjr (SG) ks njreom whob strkbgs fro djbbodtom tjgothor.
Bjw wkth grkm-`kblom S^ systoes, kbvortors fro oep`jyom tj `kbl tho S^
systoe jbtj tho pua`kd FD grkm (Dfrajbo, 1363).
Fs fnjroeobtkjbom, kbvortors njr S^ systoes nu`nk` sovorf` mutkos sudh fs
djbvortkbg MD tj FD. Kbvortors kbdjrpjrfto sjeo prjtodtkvo quf`ktkos sudh
thft thoy dfb ejbktjr tho pornjrefbdos jn tho FD grkm fbm mksdjbbodt tho
S^ systoe nrje supp`ykbg tho grkm kb tho ovobt jn grkm krrogu`frktkos fbm
nfk`uros. ]hoy f`sj goborfto hfrejbkds ospodkf``y whob tho kbput tj tho
kbvortor nrje tho S^ mjos bjt eoot tho kbvortor spodknkdftkjbs.
]hjugh tho kbvortor hfs efxkeue pjwor pjkbt trfdlkbg (ESS]) thft
fssksts tho S^ frrfy tj jporfto ft kts hkghost onnkdkobdy mospkto d`keftkd
fbm obvkrjbeobtf` djbmktkjbs, hfrejbkds fro prjmudom ospodkf``y whob
tho ESS] obfa`os tho kbvortor tj jporfto ubmor pjjr wofthor djbmktkjbs
(Dhubg & Hj, 133?).
]horo oxkst mknnorobt `fyjuts njr S^ ejmu`os fbm thokr kbvortors njr grkm
kbtogrftkjb. Njur typos jn S^ ejmu`o djbnkgurftkjbs fro9
6. dobtrf` `fyjut jn S^ ejmu`os MKTDJBBOD]KJB EODHFBKTET
Fddjrmkbg tj Qoeeors (1361), porsjbbo` sfnoty ks f pjkbt tj djbskmor
whob noomkbg sj`fr pjwor systoes kbtj pua`kd grkms. ]hus, kb tho ovobt jn
grkm shut mjwb njr efkbtobfbdo wjrl fbm ropfkrs, thoro shju`m ao feodhfbkse tj provobt tho goborftkbg p`fbts nrje noomkbg o`odtrkdkty tj tho
grkm. Ejst jntob, sef`` sdf`o S^ goborftkbg p`fbts wju`m kbdjrpjrfto
futjeftkd mksdjbbodtkjb movkdos (FMM). ]ho FMM ks dfpfa`o jn
mksdjbbodtkbg tho S^ systoe nrje tho bftkjbf` grkm kn kt sobsos grkm
aroflmjwb, n`udtuftkjbs kb nroquobdy fbm vj`tfgo `ovo`s aoyjbm futhjrkzom
`kekts (@os`ko, 1334). Tjeotkeos, efbuf` mksdjbbodtkjb movkdos fro usom.
1.? SJWOQ V_F@K][
1.?.6 WHF] KT SJWOQ V_F@K][
Sjwor quf`kty ks tho stumy jn vj`tfgo fbm durrobt wfvonjres kb fb FD
botwjrl. Kt ks djbdorbom wkth tho fvfk`fak`kty jn hfrejbkds kb tho `kbo
vj`tfgo fbm fdrjss `jfm durrobts (Lhfmoe ot f`., 1363). ]ho fvfk`fak`kty jn
spklos fbm sovorf` jthor mkstjrtkjbs kbd`umkbg n`ootkbg `jw vj`tfgos fro f``
fssjdkftom wkth pjwor quf`kty (Gj`lfr, 133;).
Tj whobovor tho tore pjwor quf`kty ks fpp`kom, kssuos sudh fs systoes
ro`kfak`kty, prj`jbgom jutfgos, djbmudtjrs fbm mko`odtrkd oqukpeobt
so`odtkjb fbm mkstjrtkjbs jb tho FD skbusjkmf` wfvo njre fro f`` djbskmorom
(Lhfro ot f`., 1361).
]hjugh pjwor quf`kty ks bjt f bow tjpkd tj sovorf` utk`ktkos, tho
morogu`ftkjb jn tho o`odtrkdkty efrlot hfs robowom kbtorost kb pjwor
quf`kty ft trfbseksskjb fbm mkstrkautkjb sodtjrs. Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes
djbstktuto jbo jn tho efkb rofsjbs njr tho robowom kbtorost kb pjwor
quf`kty fs thokr jutputs `frgo`y ro`y jb tho bfturo jn d`jum djvor fbm tho
kbtobskty jn sj`fr rfmkftkjb. Ovob sj, porturaftkjbs kb pjwor quf`kty fro bjt
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oxfdoraftom ay krrfmkftkjb jb`y, aut obdjepfss tho djepjbobts
fssjdkftom wkth tho S^ systoe sudh fs tho S^ ejmu`o, nk`tors, kbvortors,
fbm sj jb (Lhfmoe ot f`., 1363).
1.?.1 SQJA@OET FQKTKBG NQJE SJWOQ BO]WJQLT
Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., (1361) pjkbts jut thft ejst djeejb prja`oes dfusom
ay pjwor systoes kbd`umo9
a`kblkbg kbdfbmosdobt `feps< nfk`uro jn dfpfdktjrs njr pjwor nfdtjr djrrodtkjb< ubbodossfry trkppkbg jn nusos fbm dkrdukt aroflors< SD ef`nubdtkjbkbg< nfk`uro kb djeeubkdftkjb systoes< shut mjwb jn o`odtrjbkd movkdos< n`ujrosdobt `feps jntob n`kdlorkbg< ejtjr aroflmjwb fbm jvorhoftkbg< fbm jvorhoftkbg fbm aroflmjwb jn trfbsnjreors.
]fa`o 6 jut`kbos sjeo pjwor quf`kty prja`oes. Lhfmoe ot f`., (1363)
pjkbt jut thft pjwor quf`kty monodts kbd`umo9
pjwor nroquobdy mksturafbdos< o`odtrjefgbotkd kbtornorobdo< trfbskobts< hfrejbkds< fbm `jw pjwor nfdtjr.
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]fa`o 69 Sjwor quf`kty prja`oes
Fejbg tho fnjroeobtkjbom pjwor quf`kty monodts, hfrejbkds roefkbs tho
prkbdkpf` dhf``obgo tj pjwor systoes. ]ho nj``jwkbg sodtkjb `jjls kbtj tho
kepfdts jn S^ systoes jb mkstrkautkjb botwjrls.
1.?.4 SJ]OB]KF@ KESFD]T JN KB]OGQF]KBG S^ T[T]OET
]ho kbtogrftkjb jn S^ systoes efy kbtrjmudo sjeo prja`oes mopobmkbg
upjb tho oxtobt jn S^ pobotrftkjb fbm gojgrfphkdf` `jdftkjb. ]hus,
ubmorstfbmkbg tho pjtobtkf` onnodts jn `frgo sdf`o pobotrftkjb jn S^
systoes jb mkstrkautkjb botwjrls dfb prjvkmo sj`utkjbs wo`` fhofm jn thokr
mop`jyeobt (Gj`lfr, 133;).
]ho nj``jwkbg kepfdts fro djvorom kb tho nj``jwkbg sodtkjbs jn thks thosks9
kbrush durrobt< jvor vj`tfgo< jutput pjwor n`udtuftkjb< nroquobdy n`udtuftkjb< fbm hfrejbkds
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1.?.4.6 KBQ_TH D_QQOB]
Fddjrmkbg tj Nfrhjjmbof ot f`., (1364) sef`` ubfvjkmfa`o vj`tfgo
mknnorobdos thft oxkst aotwoob S^ p`fbts fbm mkstrkautkjb grkms jntob kbiodt
fb kbrush durrobt thft n`jws ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD)aotwoob tho grkm fbm tho S^ p`fbt. ]hks kbrush durrobt ks rospjbska`o njr
thoref` stross fbm buksfbdo trkp (Lfgoyfef ot f`., 1366).
Kt ks kepjrtfbt tj fddurfto`y ubmorstfbm tho dhfrfdtorkstkds jn tho
rofdtfbdo jn f S^ ejmu`o sj thft todhbkquos njr efbfgkbg S^ systoes dfb
ao movo`jpom. S^ ejmu`os djbtfkb rofdtfbdo thft prjmudos trfbskobt
phobjeobf (Horefb ot f`., 1361). Jbo jn sudh phobjeobf ks tho kbrush
durrobt thft jddurs whob pjworom wkros fro kbtogrftom wkth f
rodjbnkgurom S^ p`fbt fbm dfpfdktkvo rofdtfbdo ks tho prkbdkpf` nfdtjr kb
thks rofdtfbdo njubm wkthkb S^ do``s.
Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., (1361) pjkbts jut thft, tho kbrush durrobt efy f`sj
oeorgo wkthkb f phjtjvj`tfkd systoe whob trfbsnjreors turb jb nrje f
mo-oborgksom stfto fbm tho kbrush durrobt dfb ao sovorf` tkeos tho fdtuf`
rftom durrobt. ]ho moskgb jn trfbsnjreors wkthkb S^ systoes kbn`uobdos tho
efgbktumo jn thks kbrush durrobt fbm kt ks jntob vory hkgh whob tho
trfbsnjreor ks pjworom nrje kts `jw vj`tfgo torekbf`s njr rofsjbs thft tho
`jw vj`tfgo (@^) wkbmkbg ks d`jsor tj tho efgbotkd dkrdukt fbm fs sudh, kts
fkr djro rofdtfbdo ks jn f `jwor vf`uo. Kt ks thob pjsska`o thft tho
eodhfbkdf` strossos fssjdkftom wkth tho trfbsnjreor dfb ao rospjbska`o
njr sjeo jn tho kepfdts jn tho hkgh kbrush durobt (Thortulmo & Tfuzf,
1366).
Tj thob tj fvjkm wofrkbg trfbsnjreors qukdl`y thfb bjref``y oxpodtom,
thoro ks f boom tj ekbkekso nroquobt jb fbm jnn swktdhkbg jn S^
kbvortors. Thuttkbg mjwb jn trfbsnjreors jntob jddur ft bkght muo tj tho
ubfvfk`fak`kty jn sj`fr oborgy, aut whob turbom jb nj``jwkbg sub `kght, tho
kbrush durrobt dfb ao vory mfefgkbg fbm dfb `ofm tj MD akfs durrobt kb
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dfsos whoroay tho trfbsnjreor `kbls tho S^ kbvortor tj tho mkstrkautkjb
grkm (Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., 1361).
1.?.4.1 J^OQ ^J@]FGO
Gj`lfr (133;) pjkbts jut thft S^ systoes fro strudturom tj jporfto ft
bofr`y ubkty pjwor nfdtjr sj fs tj hfrboss fs eudh sj`fr oborgy fs
pjsska`o. Kb f rof` sobso, jvorvj`tfgo frksos whob tho S^ supp`kos jb`y
fdtkvo pjwor tj tho mkstrkautkjb systoes fbm efy rosu`t kb f dhfbgo kb tho
n`jw jn rofdtkvo pjwor (Ejhfeom ot f`., 1363). Tj thob, vj`tfgos kb tho
ausos dfb kbdrofso fs f rosu`t jn kbsunnkdkobt rofdtkvo pjwor fbm efy
rosu`t kb fmvorso onnodts upjb djbsueors fs wo`` fs tho mkstrkautkjb
systoe.
Jvor vj`tfgos dfb f`sj jddur murkbg porkjms whob tho S^ supp`kos hkgh
pjwor whk`o djbsueptkjb ks `jw (Opkf, 1361). Kb sjeo dfsos, f rovorso
n`jw onnodt dfb oeorgo fbm kt ks tho rospjbskak`kty jn tho botwjrl futhjrkty
tj obsuro thft tho vj`tfgo eust bjt suporsomo tho spodknkom rfbgo.
Kb vkow jn rosj`vkbg jvor vj`tfgos kb mkstrkautkjb systoes, afttorkos fro
jntob utk`ksom sj fs tj ekbkekso pjwor jutput `jssos. Fs f`rofmy
eobtkjbom fajvo, jb f subby mfy, tho grkm vj`tfgo dfb ao hkghor fs f
rosu`t jn rovorso pjwor n`jw nrje tho S^. Whob tho vj`tfgo oxdooms f
dortfkb pjkbt tho S^ systoe hfs tj shutmjwb mospkto tho vfst fejubt jnkrrfmkftkjb (Lfbmoblj, 1337).
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1.?.4.4 J_]S_] SJWOQ N@_D]_F]KJBT
N`udtuftkjbs kb jutput pjwor jddur fs f rosu`t jn sj`fr krrfmkfbdo fbm d`jum
ejvoeobts fbm kt f`sj mopobms upjb wkbm spoom fbm thoso vfrkftkjbs
efy oxkst njr f porkjm jn tkeo (Hufbg ot f`., 1363). N`udtuftkjbs kb pjwordfb rosu`t tj jvor jr ubmor `jfms, vj`tfgo n`kdlor fbm kbfpprjprkfto
n`udtuftkjbs kb `kbo pjwor fbm vj`tfgo swkbgs (Hfsfbzfmoh ot f`., 1361).
Fpod (1363) prosobtom twj eothjms njr ekbkekskbg tho onnodts jn jutput
n`udtuftkjbs kb f pjwor botwjrl whkdh kbd`umos9
stjrfgo< fbm sj`fr njrodfstkbg.
Ttjrfgo
Torvkdos sudh fs jutput prjtodtkjb, pofl shfvkbg fbm moefbm skmo
efbfgoeobt dfb ao fdhkovom thrjugh stjrom o`odtrkdf` pjwor. Srjpor
stjrfgo jn pjwor dfb f`sj monor upgrfmos jn tho pjwor botwjrl. ]ho
nj``jwkbg dfb ao usom tj stjro pjwor (Sow, 133;)9
j afttorkos6L^ 6.? 1.?
Fajvo 6>6L^ 6 6.?
]fa`o 19 Qodjeeobmom hfrejbkd vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb (KOOO, 6;;1)
]ho mknnorobdos aotwoob tho stfbmfrms fro bog`kgka`o fs thoy ajth fmmross
tho `ovo` jn fddoptfa`o hfrejbkds kb tho botwjrl. ]hus, kt ks ossobtkf` tj
oep`jy jbo jn tho stfbmfrms mopobmkbg upjb tho pfrtkdu`fr
dkrduestfbdos. ]ho nj``jwkbg sodtkjb djvors sj`utkjbs tj hfrejbkds fbm
pjwor quf`kty.
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1.8 TJ@_]KJBT ]J HFQEJBKDT KB SJWOQ T[T]OET
Fddjrmkbg tj KOOO (1334) rogu`ftkjbs, hfrejbkds shju`m ao ekbkekzom
uskbg twj mknnorobt todhbkquos9
tho nkrst todhbkquo ks tj ekbkekzo tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtjtho botwjrl ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD) ay tho usor
tho djepobsftkjb systoe dfb rosjbfto wkth sjurdos kepobmobdofbm kbiodt hfrejbkds kbtj tho dkrdukt murkbg `kght `jfm.
1.81 FD]K^O NK@]OQKBG FBM T]F]KD DJESOBTF]KJB]ho shjrtdjekbgs jn tho pfsskvo nk`tor fro jvordjeom thrjugh tho uso jn
fdtkvo nk`tors. ]ho fdtkvo nk`tor shubts hfrejbkds fbm prod`umos thoe nrje
fmvfbdkbg kbtj tho mkstrkautkjb systoe (Hkbgjrfb` ot f`., 1333). ]ho shubt
nk`tor tflos hfrejbkd durrobts thrjugh tho sjurdo tj djrrodt hfrejbkds
tflob ay `kbofr `jfms (Hfske ot f`., 1361).
@os`ko (1334) suggostom thft, tho jvorf`` systoe djst dfb ao romudom
uskbg fdtkvo nk`tors fs thoy yko`m skek`fr djepobsftkjb fs `frgor afbl jn
tubom @D nk`tors.
Ttftkd djepobsftkjb (T]F]DJE) kbvj`vos tho uso jn f swktdhkbg systoe
fbm pfsskvo stjrfgo ubkt njr tho nubmfeobtf` nroquobdy rofdtkvo
djepobsftkjb.
]j keprjvo pjwor quf`kty kbd`umkbg vj`tfgo fbm durrobt mkstjrtkjbs
bodossktfto tho usfgo jn dustje pjwor movkdos sudh fs(Hoefdhfbmrfb
ot f`., 1361)9
T]F]DJE (Thubt fdtkvo pjwor nk`tor) Torkos fdtkvo nk`tor Djeakbftkjb jn sorkos fbm shubt fdtkvo pjwor nk`tors
]ho fajvo eobtkjbom movkdos fro tho ejst rodobt movo`jpeobts kb
kbtornfdkbg oqukpeobts aotwoob mkstrkautkjb grkms fbm tho dustjeors
fpp`kfbdos.
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17
4.3 EO]HJMJ@JG[
4.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB
Kb thks dhfptor, tho prjdomuros fbm eothjms thft woro oep`jyom tj
djbmudt thks rosofrdh fro mksdussom. ]ho eothjmj`jgy djbsksts jn9 tho
rosofrdh quostkjb, rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy fbm tho rosofrdh tjj`s.
4.1 QOTOFQDH V_OT]KJB
Hypjthosks9 thft tho kbtogrftkjb jn phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts kbtrjmudos sjeo
dhf``obgos tj pjwor quf`kty.
]ho prkbdkpf` fke jn thks thosks ks tj oxfekbo tho dhf``obgos jn kbtogrftkbg
Shjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjwor quf`kty. Fs sudh, tho fke jn thks wjrl wju`m
ao fdhkovom whob fbswors fro prjvkmom tj tho ubmorbofth quostkjb.
j Whft fro tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjworquf`kty:
Kb fbsworkbg tho rosofrdh quostkjb, kt wfs bodossfry tj djbmudt sjeo
`fajrftjry oxporkeobts wkth rofmy tj uso kbstrueobts sj fs tj motorekbo
kn tho hypjthosks ks truo (Grfzkfbj & Qfu`kb, 1333). ]ho stfbmfrmksom tost
jnnors hkghor ro`kfak`kty `ovo`s fbm hfs aoob djbskstobt thrjughjut f porkjm
jn yofrs tj prjvkmo fddurfto fbm stfa`o vf`uos ovob whob tho tost ks
fmekbkstorom trkdo (Tjaropof, 1366). ]hks tostkbg wfs pornjreom uskbg
tho `fajrftjry jn A`fbdhfrmstjwb Kbstktuto jn ]odhbj`jgy.
Fbjthor wfy jn kbvostkgftkbg kssuos fbm prjvkmkbg fbswors tj quostkjbs fs
wo`` fs ubmorstfbmkbg f phobjeobjb bodossktftos tho uso jn quf`ktftkvo
rosofrdh todhbkquos (qsrkbtorbftkjbf`, 1361). Kt dfb ao usom kb fby stumy
fbm wjrl obvkrjbeobt fbm tho fpprjfdhos oep`jyom njr quf`ktftkvo
rosofrdh dfb kbd`umo9 `ktorfturo rovkows, njdus grjups, djbtobt fbf`ysks,fbm kbtorvkows (Hkggkbs & Groob, 1338).
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18
Fs sudh, tho quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh todhbkquos oep`jyom horo fro f
djbvorsftkjbf` kbtorvkow fbm `ktorfturo rovkow. ]ho rosofrdh quostkjb
njres tho afsks njr tho kbtorvkow fbm tho nj``jwkbg drktorkf wfs oep`jyom
tj dhjjso tho pfrtkdkpfbt njr tho kbtorvkow9
thokr durrobt frof jn wjrl tho bueaor jn pua`kshom ijurbf`s kb S^ systoes ay tho pfrtkdkpfbt?W/83W Ft`fs shjwb kb nkguro 6=
woro usom tj fbf`yso tho tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb nrje f S^
kbvortor fs djepfrom tj tho OTA supp`y.
Nkguro 6=9 ]61 n`ujrosdobt `fep
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4=
^KK. ]ho ]8 twkb n`jrosdobt ?8W `fep (Shk`kps) shjwb kb nkguro 6? wfsusom tj fbf`yso tho pjwor quf`kty whob nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fs
djepfrom tj fb kbvortor.
Nkguro 6?9 ]8 n`ujrosdobt `fep
^KKK. F =;W Shk`kps ]? n`ujrosdobt twkb `fep shjwb kb nkguro 6> wfs usomtj motorekbo tho pjwor quf`kty whob sudh `uekbfrkos fro pjworom
nrje f S^ kbvortor fs djepfrom tj thjso pjworom nrje tho OTA
supp`y.
Nkguro 6>9 ]? n`ujrosdobt `fep
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4?
KX. Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps jn 13W, 113-1=3^, fbm ?3/>3Hz shjwbkb nkguro 67 woro usom tj motorekbo tho hfrejbkds kbiodtom kbtj tho
dkrdukt whob nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fbm djepfrom tj DN@ nom nrje
tho OTA.
Nkguro 679 Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps
X. Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt `feps jn =3wftts, shjwb kb nkguro 68, worousom tj motorekbo tho pjwor quf`kty whob sudh `feps fro oep`jyom
kbtj kbstf``ftkjbs nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fbm djepfrom tj thjso
supp`kom nrje tho OTA.
Nkguro 689 Jsrfe kbdfbmosdobt `feps
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4>
XK. F vfrkfa`o spoom mrkvo TL 6133347 Oeorsjb kbmustrkf` futjeftkjbshjwb kb nkguro 6; njr tho djbtrj` jn f throo phfso kbmudtkjb ejtjr
wfs usom tj fsdortfkb thokr kepfdts jb pjwor quf`kty whob pjworom
nrje fb OTA supp`y fs djepfrom tj thjso nom nrje tho kbvortor.
Nkguro 6;9 ^frkfa`o spoom mrkvo TL 6133347
4.? DJBD@_TKJBT
]hjugh thks wjrl ks f qufbtktftkvo stumy, quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh todhbkquos
djeprkskbg jn tho provkjus `ktorfturo rovkow f`jbgskmo fb kbtorvkow woro
usom tj prjvkmo fbswors tj pfrt jn tho rosofrdh quostkjb. ]ho qufbtktftkvo
stumy kbdjrpjrftom stfbmfrmksom tostkbg wkth rofmy tj uso kbstrueobts
sudh fs f pjwor quf`kty fbf`ysor fbm sovorf` jthor oqukpeobts tj prjvkmo
fbswors tj tho rosofrdh quostkjb.
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47
=.3 QOT_@]T
=.6 KB]QJM_D]KJB
Kb thks dhfptor tho rosu`ts jatfkbom jb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg
phjtjvj`tfkd systoes jb pjwor quf`kty fro prosobtom. Kt djbtfkbs efkb`y
wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs njr mknnorobt `jfms. ]ho `jfms djbskmorom
woro mosdrkaom ubmor rosofrdh tjj`s kb dhfptor 4 fbm tho prjdomuros
nj``jwom fro tho sfeo fs motfk`om kb tho rosofrdh eothjmj`jgy. Sjwor
quf`kty wfs eofsurom nrje uskbg twj mknnorobt pjwor sjurdos, f S^
kbvortor fbm tho OTA supp`y. Mksdusskjbs jn tho rosu`ts fro prosobtom kbdhfptor ?.
=.1 JTQFE KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST
Nkguro 13 fbm Nkguro 16 shjw tho rosu`ts jatfkbom nrje tho S^ kbvortor
whob twj =3W kbdfbmosdobt Jsrfe `feps woro djbbodtom kbtj tho dkrdukt,whk`o Nkguro 11 fbm Nkguro 14 shjw tho rosu`ts jatfkbom nrje tho OTA
supp`y. ]fa`o 4 shjws jn ]HM vf`uos jn durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth
supp`kos.
]fa`o 49 Kbdfbmosdobt % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo
% ]HM OTA supp`y S^ supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.=% 18.4%
Durrobt 1.=% 18.4%
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48
=.1.6 S^ KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 139 S^ kbvortor wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps
=.1.1 S^ KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 169 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps
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4;
=.1.4 OTA WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 119 OTA wfvonjre njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps
=.1.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 149 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr kbdfbmosdobt `feps
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=3
=.4 DJESFD] N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST
Nkguro 1= fbm Nkguro 1? shjw rosu`ts jatfkbom whob twj 13W djepfdt
n`ujrosdobt `feps woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor whorofs Nkguro 1> fbm
Nkguro 17 shjw rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps woro pjworom uskbg tho OTA.]fa`o = shjws jn ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.
=.4.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 1=9 Djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps nom nrje f S^ kbvortor
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=6
=.4.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 1?9 DN@ hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor
=.4.4 OTA WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 1>9 Wfvonjre njr DN@ wkth OTA supp`y
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=1
=.4.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 179 Hfrejbkd grfph njr DN@ uskbg OTA pjwor
]fa`o =9 DN@ % ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo
% ]HM OTA supp`y S^ supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.1% 18.3%
Durrobt 63=.?% 6=6.=%
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=4
=.= ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FES
]ho nkbmkbgs whob f twkb =;W ]? n`ujrosdobt `fep wfs nom nrje f S^
kbvortor fro k``ustrftom kb Nkguro 18 fbm Nkguro 1; whk`o tho rosu`ts
jatfkbom whob sfeo `uekbfrkos woro nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fro shjwbkb Nkguro 43 fbm Nkguro 46. ]fa`o ? shjws ]HM vf`uos njr durrobt fbm
vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.
=.=.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 189 Wfvonjre njr ]? n`ujrosdobt nrje S^ kbvortor
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==
=.=.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 1;9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? n`ujrosdobt nrje kbvortor
=.=.4 OTA WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 439 Wfvonjre nrje ]? wkth OTA supp`y
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=?
=.=.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 469 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]? wkth OTA supp`y
]fa`o ?9 ]? ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo
% ]HM OTA supp`y S^ supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.1% 17.7%
Durrobt ;.7% =?.7%
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=>
=.? ]61 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES
Nkguro 41 fbm Nkguro 44 shjw rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ]61 n`ujrosdobt
`uekbfrkos woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor whk`oNkguro 4= fbmNkguro 4? shjw
rosu`ts whob sfeo `uekbfrkos woro pjworom uskbg tho OTA supp`y. ]fa`o> shjws jn ]HM vf`uos njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos.
=.?.6 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 419 ]61 Wfvonjre nrje S^ kbvortor
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=7
=.?.1 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 449 ]61 Hfrejbkd grfph nrje S^ kbvortor
=.?.4 OTA WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 4=9 Wfvonjre njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y
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=8
=.?.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 4?9 Hfrejbkd grfph njr ]61 wkth OTA supp`y
]fa`o >9 ]61 ]HM njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo
% ]HM OTA supp`y S^ supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.=% 1>.=%
Durrobt 17.>% 61=.;%
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=;
=.> ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FES
Kb thks sodtkjb, tho rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ]8 n`ujrosdobt `uekbfrkos nom
nrje tho OTA fro prosobtom kb Nkguro 4> fbm Nkguro 47 whk`o Nkguro 48
fbmNkguro 4; shjw rosu`ts whob tho sfeo `uekbfrkos woro pjworom uskbg
OTA supp`y. ]fa`o > shjws ]HM vf`uos njr durrobt fbm vj`tfgo njr ajth
supp`kos.
=.>.6 OTA WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 4>9 ]8 wfvonjre nrje OTA supp`y
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?3
=.>.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 479 ]8 hfrejbkd grfph wkth OTA supp`y
% ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb OTA supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.?%
Durrobt 611%
]fa`o 79 ]8 ]HM wkth OTA supp`y
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?6
=.>.4 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE
Nkguro 489 Kbvortor wfvonjre njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt
=.>.= KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH
Nkguro 4;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph njr ]8 n`ujrosdobt
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?1
=.7 ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQK^O
]ho rosu`ts jatfkbom whob f ^TM wfs pjworom nrje tho OTA supp`y ft
spooms jn ?3Hz, 43Hz fbm 6?Hz fro shjwb kb thks sodtkjb.
=.7.6 OTA WF^ONJQE F] ?3 Hz EFX. TSOOM
]ho rosu`ts shjwb kb nkguro =3 dfb ao soob kb tfa`o 8.
Nkguro =39 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft efx spoom
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 14>.>^ 3.766;F
SOFL - -41>.7^ -1.>33F
SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.?33F
]fa`o 89 ^f`uos njr nkguro =3
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?4
=.7.1 OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3HY EFX. TSOOM
Nkguro =69 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft ?3 Hz
% ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb OTA supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.>%
Durrobt 6>;.?%
]fa`o ;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =6
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?=
=.7.4 OTA WF^ONJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM
Nkguro =19 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 43Hz
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 14>.8^ 3.76=1F
SOFL - -41>.7^ -1.>33F
SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.?33F
]fa`o 639 ^f`uos njr nkguro =1
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??
=.7.= OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43HY >3% TSOOM
Nkguro =49 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 43Hz
% ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb OTA supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.=%
Durrobt 673.3%
]fa`o 669 ^f`uos njr nkguro =4
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?>
=.7.= OTA WF^ONJQE F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM
Nkguro ==9 OTA Wfvonjre njr ^TM ft 6?Hz
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 147^ 3.>3>6F
SOFL - -417.6^ -1.433F
SOFL + 41>.=^ 1.133F
]fa`o 619 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ==
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?7
=.7.? OTA HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?HY 43% TSOOM
Nkguro =?9 OTA Hfrejbkd grfph njr ^TM ft 6?Hz
% ]jtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb OTA supp`y
^j`tfgo 1.=%
Durrobt 67;.1%
]fa`o 649 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =?
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?8
=.7.8 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] ?3Hz EFX TSOOM
Nkguro =>9 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft ?3Hz efx spoom
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 146^ 3.?7>7F
SOFL - -17=.6^ -?.=33F
SOFL + 174.8^ ?.=33F
]fa`o 6=9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =>
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?;
=.7.; KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] ?3Hz EFX. TSOOM
Nkguro =79 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft ?3Hz efx. spoom
Kbvortor supp`y % ]HM
^j`tfgo 17.>%
Durrobt 84.6%
]fa`o 6?9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =7
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>3
=.7.63 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM
Nkguro =89 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 43Hz >3% spoom
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 11;.6^ 3.?87>F
SOFL - -1>;.6^ -4.>33F
SOFL + 1>8.7^ 4.833F
]fa`o 6>9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =8
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>6
=.7.66 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 43Hz >3% TSOOM
Nkguro =;9 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 43Hz >3% spoom
Kbvortor supp`y % ]HM
^j`tfgo 17.>%
Durrobt 81.3%
]fa`o 679 Qosu`ts njr nkguro =;
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>1
=.7.61 KB^OQ]OQ WF^ONJQE F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM
Nkguro ?39 Kbvortor wfvonjre ft 6?Hz 43% spoom
^J@]FGO D_QQOB]
QET 11;.8^ 3.?=38F
SOFL - -173.=^ -4.?33F
SOFL + 173.6^ 4.;33F
]fa`o 689 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?3
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>4
=.7.64 KB^OQ]OQ HFQEJBKD GQFSH F] 6?Hz 43% TSOOM
Nkguro ?69 Kbvortor hfrejbkd grfph ft 6?Hz 43% spoom
Kbvortor supp`y % ]HM
^j`tfgo 17.=%
Durrobt 74.>%
]fa`o 6;9 Qosu`ts njr nkguro ?6
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>=
=.7.6= ]FA@O JN QOT_@]T NJQ ^TM
Fs f`rofmy kbmkdftom kb tho provkjus sodtkjbs njr vfrkfa`o spoom mrkvos,
tfa`o 13 shjws tho rosu`ts jn tho tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjbs fbm rjjt eofbsqufro vf`uos whob tho ^TM ks nom nrje tho OTA fbm kbvortor.
OTA Efx spoom ?3Hz >3% spoom 43Hz 43% spoom 6?Hz
^res 14>.>^ 14>.8^ 147^
Kres 3.766;F 3.76=1F 3.>3>6F
^j`tfgo ]HM 1.>% 1.=% 1.=%
Durrobt ]HM 6>;.?% 673.3% 67;.1%
KB^OQ]OQ
^res 146^ 11;.6^ 11;.8^
Kres 3.?7>7F 3.?87> 3.?=38F
^j`tfgo ]HM 17.>% 17.>% 17.=%
Durrobt ]HM 84.6% 81.3% 74.>%
]fa`o 139 ]fa`o jn rosu`ts njr ^TM
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>?
?.3 MKTD_TTKJB JN QOT_@]T
?.6 S^ KB^OQ]OQ SJWOQ V_F@K][ FBF@[TKT
Bjw tj fsdortfkb tho kepfdts jn kbtogrftkbg phjtjvj`tfkd p`fbts jb pjwor
quf`kty, f thjrjugh fbf`ysks jn tho pjwor quf`kty nrje f S^ kbvortor
prosobtom kb dhfptor njur woro usonu` kb prjvkmkbg fbswors tj tho rosofrdh
quostkjb. ]ho pjwor quf`kty nrje tho S^ kbvortor wfs djepfrom tj thft jn
tho OTA ubmor skek`fr `jfm djbmktkjbs. ]ho djepfrksjb wfs pornjreom
uskbg tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 fddoptfa`o `kekts njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs kb
goborf` systoes.
Tj thob, whob twj =3W kbdfbmosdobt Jsrfe `feps woro nom nrje f S^
kbvortor supp`ykbg 143^ FD nrje f 61^ MD kbput, f wfvonjre sjeowhft
squfro, mopkdtom kbNkguro 13wfs prjmudom. Fs soob kb Nkguro 13,tho rom
skgbf` roprosobts tho vj`tfgo whk`o tho a`uo skgbf` roprosobts tho durrobt
fbm ajth skgbf`s fppofr tj ao f squfro wfvonjre rfthor thfb f skbusjkmf`
wfvo njre. Bjw whob sfeo `jfms woro nom nrje tho OTA supp`y, f
skbusjkmf` wfvonjre shjwb kbNkguro 11wfs prjmudom.
F`thjugh ajth `feps fdhkovom skek`fr arkghtboss, tho ]HM goborftom nrje
tho S^ kbvortor fro shjwb kbNkguro 16fbm tho vf`uos jatfkbom fro 18.4%
njr vj`tfgo fbm 18.4% njr durrobt fs jppjsom tj 1.=% njr vj`tfgo whob
uskbg OTA supp`y fbm 1.=% njr durrobt, soo Nkguro 14 njr tho OTA
hfrejbkd grfph.
Bjw wkth rogfrms tj tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 stfbmfrms njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjb
djbtrj`, kt dfb ao soob thft tho rogu`ftkjb ks djbdorbom wkth twj efkb
pjkbts9
tho nkrst pjkbt ks tj ekbkekzo tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj thobotwjrl ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg (SDD) ay tho usor.
tho sodjbm pjkbt kbvj`vos romudkbg tho hfrejbkd vj`tfgo supp`kom aytho botwjrl tj fby usor ft tho pjkbt jn djeejb djup`kbg.
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Fs sudh, tho rogu`ftkjb roqukros thft tho fejubt jn mkstjrtkjb kb vj`tfgos
supp`kom ay tho botwjrl tj tho usor shju`m bjt oxdoom ?% jn tho ]HM
(tjtf` hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjb).
Fs shjwb kb ]fa`o 4, kt dfb ao soob thft tho ]HM prjmudom nrje tho S^
kbvortor oxdooms tho roqukrom `kekt pursufbt tj KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjb,
whorofs tho ]HM prjmudom whob uskbg tho OTA supp`y nf``s wkthkb tho
fddoptfa`o `kekt njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs.
]ho vfrkftkjb jn tho rosu`ts jatfkbom aotwoob tho OTA supp`y fbm tho
kbvortor woro prjmudom ay tho kbvortor shjwb kb Nkguro 61,fs tho rosu`ts
prosobtom kb dhfptor = woro jatfkbom nrje tho uso jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom
kbvortor. Tkbdo f phjtjvj`tfkd do`` prjmudos f mkrodt durrobt supp`y fbm
ejst kbstf``ftkjbs fbm tho grkm roqukros f`torbftkbg durrobt supp`y, tho
oborgy goborftom nrje tho MD sjurdo wfs djbvortom kbtj FD uskbg fb
kbvortor.
]ho rosu`ts mknnor muo tj tho djepjbobts wkthkb tho kbvortor shjwb kb
Nkguro 61 fs kt `frgo`y djbsksts jn soekdjbmudtjr movkdos thft nfdk`ktftom
tho djbvorskjb jn tho oborgy supp`kom ay tho MD sjurdo kbtj FD uskbg
pu`so wkmth ejmu`ftkjb djbtrj` fs kt ks f skep`o todhbkquo tj prjmudo FD
nrje MD wkth tho dfpfak`kty tj djbtrj` tho jutput fbm nroquobdy. Fs sudh,
kt kbhorobt`y prjmudos ubwfbtom `ovo`s jn bjkso fbm hfrejbkds kb tho
systoe thrjugh hkgh dhfbgo jn vj`tfgo wkth tkeo fbm dhfbgo jn durrobt
wkth tkeo soekdjbmudtjr swktdhkbg.
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?.1 KBDFBMOTDOB] @FEST
Kt dfb ao soob thft tho uso jn djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps kbiodt hfrejbkds
kbtj tho systoe thfb kbdfbmosdobt `feps. ]ho rosu`ts jatfkb whob twj
13W djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps woro nom nrje f S^ kbvortor fro shjwb kbNkguro 1= fbm Nkguro 1? whorofs Nkguro 1> fbm Nkguro 17 mopkdts tho
rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps fro pjworom uskbg tho OTA. Jb ]fa`o =, tho
vf`uos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos
fro rodjrmom. Fs soob jb ]fa`o =, tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay tho OTA wfs
1.1% wkthkb tho `kekts jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 whk`o 18% wfs rodjrmom nrje
tho kbvortor.
Nurthorejro, tho hfrejbkd durrobts kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl ay tho uso
jn 13W djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps fppofrom tj ao 63=.?% whk`o whob
uskbg =3W kbdfbmosdobt `feps, tho hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj tho
dkrdukt ks 1.=%. Tj kt dfb ao soob nrje tho fajvo thft tho prfdtkdo
bjwfmfys jn rop`fdkbg kbdfbmosdobt `feps wkth DN@ ks f pjtobtkf` prja`oe
tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor fs thoy kbiodt vory hkgh hfrejbkd durrobts kbtj tho
botwjrl. ]horonjro, fb kbstf``ftkjb djbtfkbkbg vfst fejubt jn DN@ ks fprja`oe tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor.
?.1 DJESFD] N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST
]ho rosu`ts jatfkb whob twj 13W djepfdt n`ujrosdobt `feps fro nom nrje
f S^ kbvortor fro prosobtom kbNkguro 1= fbmNkguro 1?,whorofsNkguro 1>
fbmNkguro 17 mopkdts tho rosu`ts whob sfeo `feps fro pjworom uskbg tho
OTA. Jb ]fa`o =, tho vf`uos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho
vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos fro rodjrmom. Fs soob jb tho vj`tfgo wfvonjre
njr tho kbvortor, soo Nkguro 1=, tho supp`y vj`tfgo kb rom ks sjeowhft f
squfro wfvo fbm tho hfrejbkd grfph djbtfkbs ]HM jn 18% njr tho vj`tfgo
oxdoomkbg tho fddoptfa`o `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs. Bjw
whob djepfrom wkth tho pjwor supp`kom nrje tho OTA, tho ]HM eofsurom
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njr tho vj`tfgo fppofrs tj ao 1.1%. Tj thob, kt dfb ao soob thft tho ]HM
nrje tho OTA nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom
rogu`ftkjb.
?.4 ]? N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST
]ho rosu`ts whob f twkb =;W ]? n`ujrosdobt `fep ks nom nrje f S^ kbvortor
fro k``ustrftom kb Nkguro 18 fbm Nkguro 1;,whk`o tho rosu`ts jatfkb whob
sfeo `uekbfrkos ks nom nrje tho OTA supp`y fro shjwb kb Nkguro 43 fbm
Nkguro 46.Jb]fa`o ?,tho vf`uos njr tho ]HM njr ajth tho durrobt fbm tho
vj`tfgo njr ajth supp`kos fro rodjrmom.
Fs soob kb Nkguro 18 tho wfvonjre prjmudom whob f ]? n`ujrosdobt `fep
ks nom nrje tho kbvortor prjmudos f squfro wfvonjre fbm tho ]HM njr tho
vj`tfgo ks 17.7% oxdoomkbg tho `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs
whorofs wkth tho OTA supp`y, f skbusjkmf` wfvonjre ks prjmudom fbm tho
hfrejbkd grfph njr tho OTA supp`y kbmkdftos f ]HM jn 1.1%, soo Nkguro
46. Fs sudh, tho OTA supp`y nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o `kekt jn tho KOOO
rogu`ftkjbs.
Whob ]? n`ujrosdobt `feps fro usom kb fb kbstf``ftkjb, tho fejubt jn
hfrejbkd durrobt kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl fppofrom tj ao =?.7% njr f S^
systoe whorofs djbsueors uskbg OTA supp`y kbiodt ;.7% hfrejbkds kbtj
tho systoe.
?.= ]8 N@J_QOTDOB] @FEST
]ho OTA wfvonjre kb Nkguro 4> shjws f vj`tfgo skgbf` kb rom fbm tho
durrobt skgbf` kb a`uo. Fs soob, tho vj`tfgo skgbf` ks f skbo wfvo nom nrje
tho OTA fbm tho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo ks 1.?%, soo Nkguro 47 njr tho
hfrejbkd grfph. ]hks vf`uos wjbt pjso f prja`oe wkth rogfrm tj tho
rogu`ftkjbs jn tho kbstktuto jn o`odtrkdf` fbm o`odtrjbkds obgkboors
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rogu`ftkjbs fs tho vf`uos jatfkbom njr vj`tfgos supp`kom tj tho djbsueor
ks wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o gukmo`kbos. Jb tho jthor hfbm, tho quf`kty jn
pjwor mo`kvorom ay tho kbvortor fppofrom tj djbtfkb hfrejbkds, sooNkguro
48,tho wfvonjre njr tho vj`tfgo ks fpprjxkefto`y f squfro wfvonjre fbmtho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo ks 4?.6%. Wkth sudh mkstjrtkjbs, tho rogu`ftkjbs
wju`m roqukro nurthor keprjvoeobts wkth tho quf`kty jn pjwor supp`kom
jbtj tho djbsueors fs tho vf`uos jatfkbom nrje tho kbvortor oxdooms tho
roqukrom `kekt njr vj`tfgo mkstjrtkjbs fbm murkbg thks oxporkeobt, kt wfs
njubm thft tho ]8 `fep wfs n`kdlorkbg muo tj tho pjjr quf`kty jn pjwor
mo`kvorom ay tho kbvortor.
?.? ]61 N@_JQOTDOB] @FEST
Fs mopkdtom kb Nkguro 41,tho durrobt skgbf` ks roprosobtom kb rom fbm tho
vj`tfgo skgbf` kb a`uo njr tho pjwor supp`kom ay tho kbvortor. Fs soob kb
Nkguro 41, tho wfvonjre ks f squfro wfvo fbm tho ]HM njr tho vj`tfgo
wfs 1>.=% fs djepfrom tj 1.=% whob nom nrje tho OTA supp`y. ]ho ]HMnjr tho durrobt wfs 61=.;% whob pjworom nrje tho kbvortor.
_b`klo tho squfro wfvonjre prjmudom ay tho kbvortor, whob tho ]8
n`jrosdobt `fep wfs pjworom uskbg tho OTA supp`y, f skbusjkmf` wfvonjre
wfs prjmudom njr tho vj`tfgo. ]ho hfrejbkd durrobts soob jb Nkguro 4= ks
fs f rosu`t jn tho djepjbobts fssjdkftom wkth tho ]61 n`ujrosdobt `fep,
thoroay kbiodtkbg hfrejbkd durrobts jn 61=.;% kbtj tho kbstf``ftkjb whk`o
dustjeors uskbg OTA oborgy kbiodtom 17.>% jb`y. Fs kt wju`m fppofr, tho
OTA nf``s wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o `kekt njr hfrejbkd mkstjrtkjbs.
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?.? ^FQKFA@O TSOOM MQK^OT
Nkguro =3 fbm Nkguro =6 shjw wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfph whob tho
^TM ks nom nrje tho OTA supp`y ft efxkeue spoom (633%) ft f nroquobdy
jn ?3Hz. ]ho wfvonjres fbm hfrejbkd grfphs whob tho spoom ks ft >3%ft f nroquobdy jn 43Hz uskbg OTA supp`y fro shjwb kb Nkguro =1 fbm
Nkguro =4 whk`o Nkguro == fbm Nkguro =? shjw tho wfvonjre fbm
hfrejbkds whob tho spoom ks ft 43% fbm tho nroquobdy wfs 6?Hz wkth
sfeo OTA supp`y.
Fs shjwb kb ]fa`o 13,whob tho OTA supp`y wfs usom tj pjwor tho ^TM
whob rubbkbg ft ?3Hz, 43Hz fbm 6?Hz tho vj`tfgo ]HM mkm bjt oxdoom tho
fddoptfa`o `kekt jn tho KOOO ?6;-6;;1 rogu`ftkjbs, aut whob tho kbvortor
supp`kom tho ^TM ft sfeo nroquobdkos, tho vj`tfgo ]HM oxdoomom tho
stftom `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom rogu`ftkjb. Kbtorostkbg`y, tho durrobt
]HM kbiodtom kbtj tho botwjrl whob pjworom nrje tho OTA wfs eudh
hkghor thfb tho durrobt ]HM whob nom nrje tho kbvortor ft sfeo spoom.
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>.3 DJBD@_TKJBT FBM QODJEEOBMF]KJBT
>.6 DJBD@_TKJBT
]ho kbtogrftkjb jn phjtjvj`tfkd systoes kbtrjmudos sjeo dhf``obgos tj thoquf`kty jn pjwor supp`kom tj tho djbsueor fs S^ systoes `frgo`y mopobm
jb sj`fr oborgy tj prjmudo o`odtrkdkty. Fs kt wju`m fppofr nrje tho
eofsuroeobts djbmudtom, tho skgbf` prjmudom ay tho kbvortor ks f squfro
wfvonjre rfthor thfb f skbowfvo. Tkbdo tho pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^
systoe ks MD, f phjtjvj`tfkd kbvortor ks oep`jyom tj djbvort tho MD
goborftom ay tho S^ p`fbt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt. ]ho dhf``obgos
kbtrjmudom fro kb tho njre jn hfrejbkd vj`tfgos supp`kom jbtj tho
djbsueors nrje tho kbvortor.
Hfrejbkds fro vj`tfgos fbm durrobts fppofrkbg jb tho pjwor systoe fbm
fs soob nrje thks thosks, tho hfrejbkds kb f wfvo fro djepjbobt
nroquobdkos jn tho fdtuf` skgbf`. ]hks thoronjro eofbs thoy fro kbtogor
eu`tkp`os jn thft nubmfeobtf` nroquobdy. Tj thob, kn f nubmfeobtf`
nroquobdy fppofrs tj ao n, thob tho hfrejbkds kb tho systoe wju`m ao 1n,4n, =n, ?n, >n, 7n, fbm sj jb. ]ho prosobdo jn hfrejbkds ubmorekbos tho
quf`kty jn pjwor mo`kvorom tj tho djbsueor fs tho prosobdo jn sef``or
qufbtktkos efy hfvo fmvorso djbsoquobdos jb efdhkbos fbm oqukpeobts.
Fs soob nrje tho rosu`ts prosobtom kb thks thosks, tho vj`tfgo supp`kom ay
tho kbvortor djbtfkbs hfrejbkds thft oxdooms tho ?% fddoptfa`o `kekts jn
tho Kbstktutkjb jn O`odtrkdf` fbm O`odtrjbkds Obgkboors rogu`ftkjb ?6;-6;;1.
Jb tho jthor hfbm, kt wfs njubm thft tho oborgy supp`kom ay tho OTA wfs
wkthkb tho fddoptfa`o `kekts jn tho fnjroeobtkjbom rogu`ftkjb.
]ho hfrejbkds prjmudom ay tho kbvortor woro fs f rosu`t jn tho sj`km stfto
movkdos kbdjrpjrftom kb tho moskgb jn tho kbvortor fbm f`sj muo tj tho
bfturo jn sj`fr fvfk`fak`kty fs tho kbvortor `frgo`y djbsksts jn
soekdjbmudtjr movkdos thft nfdk`ktftos tho trfbsnjreftkjb jn ubkmkrodtkjbf`
durrobt kbtj f`torbftkbg durrobt thrjugh tho uso jn pu`so wkmth ejmu`ftkjb
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djbtrj`. ]hks trfbsnjreftkjb prjdoss nrje MD tj FD fmiust tho jutput fbm
nroquobdy fbm ay sj mjkbg kbhorobt`y prjmudos ubwfbtom `ovo`s jn bjkso
fbm hfrejbkds kb tho systoe thrjugh soekdjbmudtjr swktdhkbg.
Fs S^ ejmu`os mopobm upjb sj`fr oborgy tj goborfto o`odtrkdkty fbm tho
pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^ systoe efy n`udtufto fs f rosu`t jn sj`fr
krrfmkfbdo fbm d`jum ejvoeobts. Fs tho kbvortor `frgo`y mopobm upjb tho
pjwor prjmudom ay tho S^ do``s, fbm kbvortors fro moskgb tj jporfto ft
spodknkom `kekts, sj thob wofthor n`udtuftkjbs efy rosu`t tj tho kbvortor
prjmudkbg hfrejbkds kb dfsos whoro tho kbput pjwor nrje tho S^ ks
aoyjbm tho `kekts jn tho kbvortor fbm kbvortors kbdjrpjrfto sjeo prjtodtkvo
quf`ktkos sudh thft thoy dfb ejbktjr tho pornjrefbdos jn tho FD grkm fbm
mksdjbbodt tho S^ systoe nrje supp`ykbg tho grkm kb tho ovobt jn grkm
krrogu`frktkos fbm nfk`uros. F`thjugh tho kbvortor hfs efxkeue pjwor
pjkbt trfdlkbg (ESS]) thft fssksts tho S^ frrfy tj jporfto ft kts hkghost
onnkdkobdy mospkto d`keftkd fbm obvkrjbeobtf` djbmktkjbs, hfrejbkds fro
prjmudom ospodkf``y whob tho ESS] obfa`os tho kbvortor tj jporfto ubmor
pjjr wofthor djbmktkjbs. Wofthor n`udtuftkjbs efy f`sj rosu`t tjnroquobdy vfrkftkjbs fbm vj`tfgo n`udtuftkjbs `ofmkbg tj pjjr pjwor
quf`kty.
]horo fro mknnorobt `fyjuts njr f S^ systoe fbm mopobmkbg upjb tho
djepjbobts usom kb ofdh djbnkgurftkjb efy f`sj kbn`uobdo tho quf`kty jn
pjwor. ]hks thosks kmobtknkom njur typos jn djbnkgurftkjbs, bfeo`y9 dobtrf`
`fyjut, ejmu`fr `fyjut, strkbg `fyjut, fbm eu`tkp`o strkbg `fyjuts.
Fejbg tho `fyjut kbmkdftom fajvo, kt wfs njubm thft wkth tho dobtrf`
(djbvobtkjbf`) `fyjut, shfmkbg ks f pjtobtkf` prja`oe fbm ekseftdh
aotwoob strkbgs jn S^ ejmu`os rosu`t tj hkgh pjwor `jssos kb tho p`fbts.
F`sj, f skbg`o kbvortor dfb sorvo fs f skbg`o pjkbt jn nfk`uro njr tho systoe.
Fs sudh, thoso dfb sorvo fs f pjtobtkf` prja`oe tj tho quf`kty jn pjwor
mo`kvorom ay sudh systoes.
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>.1 QODJEEOBMF]KJBT
Tkbdo tho bftkjbf` grkm kb Kro`fbm hfs bjt yot kbdjrpjrftom S^ systoes kbtj
kts pjwor systoe, fbm kb vkow jn Kro`fbms djeekteobt tj dut mjwb dfrajb
oeksskjbs, thks rosofrdh wfs f`sj dhjsob fs f stop njrwfrm kbtj thopjsskak`ktkos jn obdjurfgkbg tho uso jn S^ goborftom o`odtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm.
]hjugh tho goborftkjb jn S^ o`odtrkdkty kb Kro`fbm ft f `frgo sdf`o hfs aoob
mksputom, kt ks kbmoom pjsska`o tj goborfto `frgo sdf`o S^ oborgy kb Kro`fbm
uskbg tho `fyjuts hkgh`kghtom kb thks thosks.
F`thjugh sj`utkjbs tj hfrejbkds mj bjt nf`` wkthkb tho sdjpo jn thks thosks,
tho futhjr wju`m rodjeeobm nurthor rosofrdh kbtj sj`utkjbs tj pjwor
quf`kty porturaftkjbs whob kbtogrftkbg S^ systoes.
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AKA@KJGQFSH[
Fpod, 1363. Fmmrosskbg Grkm-kbtordjbbodtkjb kssuos wkth ^frkfa`o
Qobowfa`o Oborgy Tjurdos. ]urbor9 K] Sjwor Fustrf`kf Fskf Sfdknkd
Odjbjekd Djjporftkjb.
Dfrajbo, Q., 1363. Grkm djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd systoes wkth oborgy
stjrfgo. QOGGKJ DF@FAQKF9 KOOO _bkvorskt mog`k Ttumk Eomktorrfbof.
Dfrrfsdj, I.E., Nrfbquo`j, @.G. & Akf`fskowkdz, I., 133>. Sjwor o`odtrjbkd
systoes njr grkm kbtogrftkjb jn robowfa`o oborgy sjurdos. KOOO, ?4(=).
Dhubg, H.T.-H. & Hj, H.E.]., 133?.Fb Kbtogrftom Kbvortor Wkth Efxkeue
Sjwor ]rfdlkbg njr Grkm-Djbbodtom S^ Tystoes. @jbmjb9 KOOO KOOO.
Mf`k`f, E.T., 1337. Mkstrkautkjb trfbsnjreor `jssos ovf`uftkjb ubmor bjb
`kbofr `jfm. Tlumfk Ifhjr9 Ef`fyskf _bkvorskty jn ]olbj`jgk.
Ohfrf, ]., 133;. Jvordjekbg S^ grkm kssuos kb urafb frofs. Ekzuhj9
Kbtorbftkjbf` Oborgy Fgobdy Ekzuhj Kbnjreftkjb & Qosofrdh Kbstktuto,Kbd., Ifpfb.
Opkf, 1361. Djbbodtkbg tho sub9 Tj`fr phjtjvj`tfkd jb tho rjfm tj `frgo
sdf`o kbtogrftkjb. OSKF.
Nfrhjjmbof, E., EJHFEOM, F., THFQOON, H. & YF[FBMOHQJJMK, H.,
1364. Sjwor Vuf`kty Fbf`ysks jn Grkm-Djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoes kb
Mkstrkautkjb Botwjrls. SQYOG@M9 _bkvorskty Loafbgsffb Ef`fyskf_bkvorskty Loafbgsffb Ef`fyskf.
Gfrbor, T., 1366. Mknnorobt typos jn sj`fr kbvortors. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//a`jg.sybmkdftomsj`fr.dje/akm/?1;>4/Mknnorobt-]ypos-Jn-Tj`fr-
Kbvortors\Fddossom 66 Noarufry 1364U.
Gj`lfr, E., 133;. Sjwor Vuf`kty kb O`odtrkd Botwjrls9 Ejbktjrkbg, fbm
Ttfbmfrms. ]ohrfb9 L B ]jjsk _bkvorskty jn ]odhbj`jgy, ]ohrfb- Krfb.
http://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Invertershttp://blog.syndicatedsolar.com/bid/52963/Different-Types-Of-Solar-Inverters -
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Grfzkfbj & Qfu`kb, 1333. Hypjthosks tostkbg, vf`kmkty, fbm throfts tj
vf`kmkty. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www.fafdjb.dje/grfzkfbj/dh38/s`m336.hte \Fddossom 6; Fprk`
1364U.
Hfsfbzfmoh, F., Omrkbgtjb, D.T. & Aovks, ]., 1361. Djeprohobskvo Ttumy
jn Sjwor Vuf`kty Drktorkf Goborftom ay S^ Djbvortors fbm thokr Kepfdts
jb Mkstrkautkjb ]rfbsnjreors. N`jrkmf9 KOOO ]ho Dobtor njr Fmvfbdom
Sjwor Tystoes, 1333 @ovy Fvobuo, ]ho N`jrkmf Ttfto _bkvorskty,
]f``fhfssoo, N@ 41463, _TF.
Hfske, F.T.F., Karfhke, Y. & Bkzfe, E.H., 1361. Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoe
Djbbodtom tj ]hroo Shfso Grkm Djbbodtom Tystoe Kbdjrpjrftkbg Wkth
Fdtkvo Sjwor Nk`tor.Fustrf`kfb Ijurbf` jn Afskd fbm Fpp`kom Tdkobdos,>(7),
pp.4=?-?4.
Hoefdhfbmrfb, L., Lfbbfb, F. & Qfak, A.I., 1361. F Qovkow jn Nk`tors njr
Obhfbdkbg tho Vuf`kty jn Sjwor. Kb Kbtorbftkjbf` Djbnorobdo jb Djeputkbg
fbm Djbtrj` Obgkboorkbg (KDDDO 1361). Djkeaftjro, 1361. Sua`kshom ay
Djkeaftjro Kbstktuto jn Kbnjreftkjb ]odhbj`jgy.
Horefb, E., Ifbljvod, E. & ]jpk, E., 1361. Jptkef` K-^ Durvo Tdfb
]keo jn Tj`fr Do``s fbm Ejmu`os kb @kght jn Krrfmkfbdo @ovo`. Kbtorbftkjbf`
Ijurbf` jn Shjtjoborgy, 1361, p. 66 pfgos.
Hkggkbs, I.S. & Groob, T., 1338. Monkbktkjb jn quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh. \Jb`kboU
Fvfk`fa`o ft9 http9//www.erd-asu.dfe.fd.ul/djdhrfbo/hfbmajjl?33/kbmox.hte#dhfptorZ13/13Z1Z6Zmo
nkbktkjbZjnZquf`ktftkvoZrosofrdh.hte\Fddossom 3; Fprk` 1364U.
Hkbgjrfb`, B.G., Gyugyk, @. & O`-Hfwfry, E.O., 1333. _bmorstfbmkbg
NFD]T. Bow [jrl9 F IJHB WK@O[ & TJBT, KBD., S_A@KDF]KJB Kbstktuto jn
O`odtrkdf` fbm O`odtrjbkds Obgkboors, Kbd.
Hjgfb, I., Mj`fb, S. & Mjbo``y, S., 133;. Kbtrjmudtkjb9 Fpprjfdhos tjVuf`ktftkvo Qosofrdh. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htmhttp://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/cochrane/handbook500/index.htm#chapter_20/20_2_1_definition_of_qualitative_research.htmhttp://www.abacon.com/graziano/ch08/sld001.htm -
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http9//frrjw.mkt.ko/dgk/vkowdjbtobt.dgk:frtkd`o56364&djbtoxt5ausdhefral
&sok-
romkr56&ronoror5http%4F%1N%1Nwww.gjjg`o.ko%1Nur`%4Nsf%4Mt%1>
rdt%4Mi%1>q%4Mquf`ktftkvo%1?13rosofrdh%1>sjurdo%4Mwoa%1>dm%4M4%1>vom%4M3DM=VNiFD%1>ur`%4Mhttp%1?4F%1?1N%1?1Nfrrjw.mk
t.k\Fddossom 14 Fprk` 1364U.
Hjbg, T. & Efrtksjb, E., 1366. 'Hfrejbkds fbm Bjkso kb Shjtjvj`tfkd (S^)
Kbvortor fbm tho Ektkgftkjb Ttrftogkos'. Efssfdhusotts9 Tj`odtrkf
Qobowfa`os Tj`odtrkf Qobowfa`os.
Hufbg, ]., Ikfbg, A. & Mjbg, X., 1363. Mybfekd ejmo`kbg fbm trfbskobt
nfu`t fbf`ysks jn noomor kb mkstrkautkjb systoe wkth EW S^ suastftkjb. Kb
_bkvorsktkos Sjwor Obgkboorkbg Djbnorobdo (_SOD), 1363 =?th
Kbtorbftkjbf`. Dfrmknn, Wf`os, 1363. KOOO.
Hubt, 1338. Hfrejbkds - fbm thokr kepjrtfbdo. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www.vj`tkeue.ko/bows/8368/de/hfrejbkds---fbm-thokr-
kepjrtfbdo.hte`\Fddossom 34 Efrdh 1364U.
KOD, 6;;?. KB]OQBF]KJBF@ T]FBMFQM. \Jb`kboU (Nkrst) Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www-ppm.nbf`.gjv/oomjnnkdo-
w/kbnrfstrudturoZgrjup/hunnefb/woa/obgkboorkbg/stfbmfrms%?Dkod>6333
-=-=%7Aom6.6%7Ma.pmn\Fddossom 3= Efrdh 1364U.
KOOO, 6;;1. ?6;-6;;1 - KOOO Qodjeeobmom Srfdtkdos fbm Qoqukroeobts
njr Hfrejbkd Djbtrj` kb O`odtrkdf` Sjwor Tystoes. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9http9//koooxp`jro.kooo.jrg/xp`/frtkd`oMotfk`s.isp:&frbueaor51638;=
\Fddossom 3= Efrdh 1364U.
KOOO, 6;;?. 66?;-6;;? - KOOO Qodjeeobmom Srfdtkdo njr Ejbktjrkbg
O`odtrkd Sjwor Vuf`kty. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//koooxp`jro.kooo.jrg/xp`/`jgkb.isp:tp5&frbueaor5=7?=;?&ur`5http
%4F%1N%1Nkoooxp`jro.kooo.jrg%1Nxp`s%1NfasZf``.isp%4Nfrbueaor%4
M=7?=;?\Fddossom = Efrdh 1364U.
http://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=475495&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D475495http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?&arnumber=210894http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www-ppd.fnal.gov/eedoffice-w/infrastructure_group/huffman/web/engineering/standards%5Ciec61000-4-4%7Bed1.1%7Db.pdfhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://www.voltimum.ie/news/8018/cm/harmonics---and-their-importance.htmlhttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.ie%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dqualitative%2520research%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D3%26ved%3D0CD4QFjAC%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Farrow.dit.ihttp://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=buschmarbk&se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Lfgoyfef, H., [fefmf, ]. & Jjzolk, ]., 1366. Eofsuroeobt jn Kbrush-
Durrobt Wfvonjres njr Ejmo`kbg Qofdtfbdo Dhfrfdtorkstkds jn S^ Ejmu`os.
Kb 17th O_ S^TOD 13669 Sfrtkdkpfto kb tho Wjr`ms @frgost Tpodkf`kst S^
Tj`fr Djbnorobdo. Sfrks, 1366. WKS.
Lfbmoblj, 1337. Moejbstrftkvo rosofrdh jb d`ustorom S^ systoes. Jtf9
BOMJ Bow oborgy fbm kbmustrkf` todhbj`jgy movo`jpeobt jrgfbksftkjb.
Lfwfsflk, B., Jjzolk, ]. & Jtfbk, L., 1337. Kepfdt stftoeobt jn
mkstrkautkjb botwjrl ay n`udtuftkjb jn S^ systoe jutput ay uskbg nroquobdy
fbf`ysks. ]jlyj _bkvorskty jn Fgrkdu`turo fbm ]odhbj`jgy.
Lhfmoe, T.L., Afsu, E. & Nob`jb, E.N., 1363. Sjwor quf`kty kb grkm
djbbodtom robowfa`o sjurdos9 ]ho rj`o jn dustje pjwor movkdos.
Grfbfmf9 Kbtorbftkjbf` djbnorobdo jb robowfa`o oborgkos fbm pjwor
quf`kty Tdhjj` jn o`odtrkdf` obgkboorkbg systoes9 Mua`kb kbstktuto jn
todhbj`jgy.
Lhfro, ^., Boef, T. & Afromor, S., 1361. Sjwor Vuf`kty Mksturafbdos kb
Grkm Djbbodtom Tj`fr Tystoe & Kts Srovobtkjb. Kbtorbftkjbf` Ijurbf` jn
Obgkboorkbg fbm Kbbjvftkvo ]odhbj`jgy (KIOK]), 6(?).
lkrt`fbm, 1361. Tpfdo wofthor njrodfstkbg `fajrftjry. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o
ft9 http9//www.lkrt`fbm.fn.ek`/`karfry/nfdtshoots/nfdtshoot.fsp:km56;=6=
\Fddossom 3= Efy 1364U.
@os`ko, @.G.I., 1334. MOTKGB FBM FBF@[TKT JN F GQKM DJBBOD]OM
SHJ]J^J@]FKD GOBOQF]KJB T[T]OE WK]H FD]K^O NK@]OQKBG
N_BD]KJB. A`fdlsaurg, ^krgkbkf9 ^krgkbkf Sj`ytodhbkd Kbstktuto fbm Ttfto
_bkvorskty.
@kbmgrob, A., 1333. F Sjwor Djbvortor njr Shjtjvj`tfkd Fpp`kdftkjbs.
Gtoajrg9 Airb @kbmgrob Dhf`eors ubkvorskty jn todhbj`jgy.
http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414http://www.kirtland.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=19414 -
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efpfwftt, 133;. Tj`fr S^ Mkfgrfe. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www.efpfwftt.dje/133;/3=/1=/sj`fr-pv-mkfgrfe \Fddossom 11
Efrdh 1364U.
Ejhfeom, F., O`tfwk` & Yhfj, Y., 1363. Grkm-djbbodtom phjtjvj`tfkd
pjwor systoes9 ]odhbkdf` fbm pjtobtkf` prja`oesF rovkow.
TdkobdoMkrodt, 6=(6), pp.661-1;.
Ejhfbty, S., Ahuvfboswfrk, G. & Af`fsuarfefbkfb, Q., 1361. Jptkef`
p`fbbkbg fbm moskgb jn Mkstrkautom Goborftkjb afsom ekdrj-grkms. Mo`hk9
KOOO ]ho Oborgy fbm Qosjurdos Kbstktuto (]OQK), Kbmkfb Kbstktuto jn
]odhbj`jgy, Mo`hk.
Ej`kbf ot f`., 1363. Keprjvom Sjwor Djbmktkjbkbg Tystoe njr Grkm
Kbtogrftkjb jn Shjtjvj`tfkd Tj`fr Oborgy Djbvorskjb Tystoes. SOT
]rfbseksskjb fbm Mkstrkautkjb Djbnorobdo fbm Oxpjsktkjb9 @ftkb Feorkdf.
Eyrzkl, I.E.F. & Df`fks, E., 1334. Ttrkbg fbm Ejmu`o Kbtogrftom Kbvortors
njr Tkbg`o-Shfso Grkm Djbbodtom Shjtjvj`tfkd Tystoes - F Qovkow. Aj`gbf9
Aj`jgbf Sjwor ]odh Djbnorobdo KOOO.
Sow, 133;. O`odtrkd Oborgy Ttjrfgo. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www.d1os.jrg/mjd_p`jfms/Oborgy-Ttjrfgo-Nfdt-Thoot.pmn
\Fddossom = Efy 1364U.
qsrkbtorbftkjbf`, 1361. Whft ks quf`ktftkvo rosofrdh. \Jb`kboU Fvfk`fa`o ft9
http9//www.qsrkbtorbftkjbf`.dje/whft-ks-quf`ktftkvo-rosofrdh.fspx
\Fddossom ; Fprk` 1364U.
Qfifpflso ot f`., 133;. Grkm kbtogrftkjb jn robowfa`o oborgy systoes.
Efbktjaf9 Efbktjaf rosofrdh dobtro _bkvorskty jn Efbktjaf.
Qoktsef, D., 1366. 'Fb kbtrjmudtkjb tj kbvortors fbm fpp`kdftkjbs'. @jb